Dialogue 14. Musical Instruments
Anne: ˎListen! ˈSomebody’s ˈplaying the ˎpiano.
Betty: ˎYeah! It ˈsounds ˎnice, ˎdoesn’t it? I ˈwish ˋI could .play a .musical ˏinstrument.
Anne: ˈDon’t you ˈplay the vioˎlin?
Betty: ˎNo, but my ˎsister does. ˈActually she is ˈpretty ˎgood at it.
Anne: ˈI ˈtook ˋflute lessons for a .couple of ˏyears, but I ˈnever ˈlearnt to ˋplay .very ˏwell.
I ˈguess, I ˈdon’t have ˋany .musical ˏtalent.
Betty: ˈOh, ˎthat’s .not .true. You ˎsing ˈvery ˎwell. ˈI ˈcan’t ˈeven ˈdo ˎthat.
Dialogue 15. Effort
Debbie: ˈI ˈgive ˎup. I ˈsimply ˈcan’t ˈlearn ˎFrench.
Helen: ˈWhy do you ˈsay ˎthat? ˈI ˈthink you are ˈmaking a ˎlot of .progress.
Debbie: ˈNo, I’m ˎnot. I ˈtry and ˎtry and I ˋstill .can’t .speak it .very ˏwell.
Helen: ˈLearning ˎany language ˈtakes a ˈlot of ˎeffort. But ˎdon’t .give .up.
ˈWhy ˈdon’t we ˈpractise these ˈdialogues toˎgether.
Debbie: ˈGood iˎdea. ˈThat ˈjust ˈmight ˎhelp.
SUPPLEMENT 3. READING PRACTICE
TEXT 1
One area of the world is particularly prone to earthquakes. The Ring of Fire, as it is known, circles the Pacific Ocean. It is where some of the largest earthquakes occur.
The Ring of Fire affects countries in North and South America and in Asia. Because it is on the border of an ocean, large waves of water, or tsunamis, are often triggered by the quakes. It’s a double disaster. Homes are destroyed where the earthquake strikes. People living in coastal regions that receive the waves are harmed also.
Although it is difficult to predict earthquakes, the large waves can be predicted. A warning system is in place in many countries along the Ring of Fire. This gives residents some time to evacuate. Unfortunately, though, the waves travel extremely fast. Whoever must leave the area only has a short amount of time.
TEXT 2
Dams are large concrete structures that are built across the middle of rivers. Their purpose is to hold back water, which often creates a lake behind the dam. They also control the flow of the river and produce electricity.
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Dams can be beneficial because they can provide a stable source of water. This water can be used for farming, for drinking, and even as a habitat for fish and other animals. Additionally, machines are built into the dam that generate power. This power is created when the force of the water moves through the dam, causing a turbine to spin and create an electric current.
On the other hand, dams can cause problems for people who live behind them. Because a dam causes a river to swell and create a lake, anyone living near the river will have to relocate. Entire villages have had to be moved because of this reason.
TEXT 3
Many insects have the ability to taste things with different parts of their bodies. They have sensors in these body parts, usually in the form of tiny hairs. These act similarly to the taste buds in our tongues.
A fly is one type of insect that can taste things just by landing on it. This is because it has taste receptors in the hairs on its feet. In fact, when a fly rests upon a surface that is some kind of food, the fly’s mouth will open automatically as a reflex action. Another insect that can perform the same function is a butterfly.
Some insects can taste things using the thin hairs on their antennae. Honey bees and wasps are two such creatures. In the same way that they taste things, they can also use these hairs to smell odours that pass through the air.
TEXT 4
Astronomers are constantly discovering new things in our solar system. Some of the newest findings involve water sources. These findings are of tremendous importance, as water is the key element for life to exist.
Some of these water sources have recently been found on objects that we’ve already learned quite a lot about. The moon, to which man has actually travelled, seems to have frozen pools of water present in a few areas. Mars, on which probes have landed on the surface, is believed to have enormous amounts of frozen water in its ice caps.
Other objects further from Earth are believed to contain water. Some of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to have very large, undersea lakes deep below their icy surface. Whether or not life exists in these places is yet to be revealed.
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TEXT 5
Robots are beginning to enter the field of surgical medicine, even if only for a limited number of operations. There are great advantages to using robots in surgery.
Firstly, robots are useful for extremely delicate moves during an operation. A human surgeon’s hand, while skilful, has only limited capability of making a precise incision or manoeuvre. A robot also allows operations to be carried out on a much smaller scale, leading to better results and less stress on the patient’s body.
Secondly, robots do not suffer from fatigue. A machine can perform a particular operation numerous times and never tire. Surgeons, on the other hand, must complete their tasks before they lose their energy. Of course, robots cannot replace a human surgeon entirely, but they can provide assistance for specific techniques.
TEXT 6
Solar panels are a commonly used form of technology which harness power from the sun. They work by converting sunlight into electricity. However, most solar panels only convert about 20% of the incoming energy. This is because they can only capture certain wavelengths of light.
Advances are being made in the field of solar panel technology. Recently a solar cell was manufactured that can convert almost 45% of the rays’ energy. The panel consists of different layers of material, and each layer can absorb a certain wavelength of light.
The panels also have lenses, which magnify the power of the sunlight. As the sunlight passes through the layers, it strikes conductors, which create electrical fields. These electrical fields produce a current of electricity.
TEXT 7
In medical schools, doctors use plastic models to teach students the specific names and functions of body parts. But one professor in the USA is using hands sculpted by a 19th century French sculptor.
The artist was very passionate about the human form. He created highly detailed hands from bronze. In addition to that, he was curious about medical conditions that affected hands. Because of this, he actually sculpted sets of hands that had been deformed by these conditions. Doctors can show these hands to students and test students’ abilities to recognise the problems. A computer program allows students to see where bones and blood vessels would be situated in the hands.
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The method is very useful for teaching diseases of the hand. It also doubles as a rich experience in fine art.
TEXT 8
A new study shows that children can remember faces they saw when they were just twelve months old.
The two-and-a-half year study was conducted by two male scientists of equal age. It was done by a very simple method. Families with one-year-olds brought their children to meet one of the researchers. He spent forty-five minutes with the children. They did not meet his colleague. Then, when the children were three and a half, they revisited the research facility. They were shown photographs of both men. The children focused on the man they didn’t recognise. Their tendency was to study the stranger’s face, as children often do when they meet new people.
The children couldn’t say how they knew the familiar face. The study, however, demonstrated that even as babies, our memories function remarkably well.
TEXT 9
A visit to the beach might mean building a sand castle. Can you imagine drawing a castle on a single grain of sand? An artist and a scientific researcher have joined forces to do just that.
The artist first used a 100-year-old device to reflect images of real castles onto paper. He then traced these images onto the paper and sent them to the researcher. The researcher used technology similar to microscopic lasers to copy each image onto a grain of sand. The process took four years of trial and error to complete. The specific type of instrument could draw an extremely thin line. In fact, the line was only a tiny fraction of the width of a human hair.
With the sand grain etched, the artist photographed the grain and enlarged the image. The technological marvel is a sight to see, and the applications for it are endless.
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TEXT 10
It takes a great deal of effort to manage a farm. The basics may be easy to learn but some aspects of farming are quite complex. A certain level of farming education is therefore necessary. For instance, some farmers don’t always know how to use fertilizer correctly.
Fertilizer helps plants grow and produce more fruit and vegetables. Too much of it, however, doesn’t help the plant and causes pollution.
When farmers water their crops, some of that water runs off. This contains some of the fertilizer. It ends up in lakes and streams and eventually in the supply of water we drink and wash in.
A simple government programme can make a big difference in educating farmers. It can help make them aware of the environmental impact of farming. This in turn can help reduce water pollution.
TEXT 11
Jet lag occurs when we travel long distances by plane. Our sleep rhythms are thrown out of balance because we are moving into very different time zones so quickly. The further we travel, the stronger the effect is.
Our sleep patterns are deeply affected by sunlight. The light that strikes our eyes sends information to our brains. This data tells us we need to be awake or asleep. If sunlight changes drastically, for example, when we take a twelve-hour flight to a faraway place, it can take days to adjust.
The science behind this phenomenon tells us that we should regulate our exposure to sunlight when we travel. An app exists that can be added to a smartphone. It tells you when you need darkness, and when you need light. It can greatly reduce the amount of time it takes to correct jet lag.
TEXT 12
Outer space can have a strange effect on living things. A team of astronauts from Japan took seeds from a cherry tree with them on a space mission. After returning, they made an unusual discovery when they planted them.
The seeds had been taken from a famous old tree near a temple in Japan. The tree is thought to be over 1,000 years old. Normally, this type of cherry tree does not bloom until after ten full years of growth. When it does bloom, the individual flowers have about 30 petals.
The seeds that the astronauts had taken into space grew at a much faster rate. The trees bloomed after just four years of growth. Also, the flowers only contained about five petals each. Scientists cannot explain why this happened. It must have been something the seeds were exposed to in space that changed their growth rate.
TEXT 13
Dogs are thought to be intelligent creatures. They can remember approximately 165 words on average. This includes visual signals and other signs. A trained dog can learn even more words, up to 250.
Some studies demonstrate that dogs are as clever as a two-year-old child. This has been measured in a couple of ways. Firstly, a dog knows about the same number of words as a child of this age. Additionally, there is a mirror test that is used to measure awareness. Dogs never really understand their reflection in the mirror. They think it’s another dog. Children are like this, too, until they’re about three.
Like many other animals, dogs sense some things far better than humans. They’re often able to understand social situations faster, such as who is the most dominant animal in a pack.
TEXT 14
Cameras have changed a lot in the last hundred years. Most cameras made today are digital and can easily fit in your hand. Mobile phones often double as cameras. The quality of these types of cameras has improved significantly too.
We are even beginning to see cameras installed in eyewear. Researchers have built cameras so small, they can fit on the frame of a person’s glasses. These cameras can even record video. It’s like something out of a spy novel, except it’s now a reality. A consumer can actually buy a pair of glasses such as these.
Even more remarkable is the idea of placing a camera in a contact lens. It has been done, although the technology is in its early stages. The makers hope it can help blind people to detect things around them. There are no plans to turn it into a consumer product, at least not yet.
TEXT 15
Certain areas of the world are known as blue zones. These are places where people tend to live the longest. Currently there are five of these zones, which are located in specific regions of Greece, Italy, Central America, California and Japan.
Researchers have discovered that more people in these areas live to be 100, or beyond the age of 90, than anywhere else. They have also found that cancer and heart disease occur less often in blue zones.
Why these zones are so beneficial to life has also been studied. It seems that people in these places put family before any other concern, such as work or money. There are fewer smokers and people tend to consume less meat. Physical activity is part of daily life, and people of all ages meet and communicate with one another.
SUPPLEMENT 4. LISTENING & COMREHENSION
Listen and do the tasks.
INTRODUCTORY COURSE
UNIT 1
FRIENDS OR STRANGERS
Are these people friends or strangers? Write F for friends and S for strangers.
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
UNIT 2
THE SMUGGLER
Mark the sentences as true, false or not given in the text.
Ø Sam Louis was a customs officer.
Ø He worked in a big and busy border town.
Ø He had a brother and a sister.
Ø Once a week he met Draper who was driving an expensive car.
Ø When asked about his job, Draper laughed and said he was a smuggler.
Ø When Sam retired he went to Bermuda for his holiday.
Ø One day Sam met Draper in the hotel bar.
Ø Draper didn't recognize Sam.
Ø Draper lived in a luxurious house.
Ø Sam was curious if Draper was really a smuggler.
Ø Draper said he had smuggled drugs.
UNIT 3
WHAT DO YOU DO?
Who are these people talking to? Choose from the list of professions.
doctor, accountant, police officer, driver, waiter, bank clerk, teacher, secretary, babysitter
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
UNIT4
BLUNDER
Choose the correct answer.
1) After having some art classes Sebastian
a) left the bank b) visited some famous art galleries c) realized that he only enjoyed painting
2) Sebastian painted
1) women portraits 2) in a classic manner 3) in a modern manner
3) In the bank Sebastian sometimes had to deal with a man who was
a) the owner of a picture shop b) a real artist c) an art critic
4) Sebastian invited the man to his home
a) to know his opinion about his pictures b) to show him one of his pictures c) to sell him his studio
5) A happy look appeared on the face of the visitor when he saw
a) Sebastian b) Sebastian's pictures c) the place where Sebastian cleaned the paint off his brushes
UNIT 5
AN ACCIDENT
Put these events from the story into the correct order 1-6.
a. They all ran up the beach as fast as possible.
b. They played with a dolphin for a long time.
c. Jenny started swimming for the beach.
d. Andy and Tom followed Jenny.
e. They saw a fin.
f. Jenny explored an underwater cave.
UNIT 6
THE FALLING COW
TASK 1 Listen to the news item and mark the sentences as true or false.
1. The man was fishing when a cow fell from the sky.
2. The cow fell into the water far from the boat.
3. His insurance company believed his story.
4. The cow had been thrown from an Air Force airplane.
5. The American Embassy bought the fisherman a new boat.
TASK 2 Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer, a, b or c.
1) What does Bob say about the news story?
a. Most people will believe it.
b. He doesn't believe it.
c. He likes the story.
2) What does Jemma feel about the story?
a. It must be made up.
b. It's amusing.
c. It may be true.
3) Bob thinks that perhaps the fisherman
a. fell asleep
b. had no fish on board his boat
c. pretended the cow fell so that he could get the money for his boat
4) What is Bob going to do this summer?
a. go on a sailing holiday
b. go swimming in the Caspian Sea
c. buy a new sailing boat
TASK 3 Listen to The Octopus's Garden, a song by Ringo Star, and answer the questions.
1. Where does the singer want to be?
2. What would he ask his friends to do?
3. What would they all do beneath the waves?
UNIT 7
POLAR BEARS
Mark the sentences as true or false.
1. Zoos are big enough for bears.
2. Bears become mentally and physically disturbed in the cages.
3. Bears are hunters, explorers, they roam for long distances in their natural environment.
4. Polar bears are an endangered species.
TOPIC 1. GETTING ACQUAINTED
UNIT 8
ADDRESSING PEOPLE
Fill in the blanks with Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms.
1. This is ...... Mirren. 2. Good afternoon, ....... Brown. 3. Please, come in ...........Jones. 4. He introduced me to .......White. 5. I saw ...... Costas. 6. Are you ..... Phillips? 7. Pleased to meet you. I’m ....... Smith. 8. Where are you from, ......... Wilson?
UNIT 9
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