I. FOUR TYPES OF STRESSED SYLLABLES
The pronunciation of English vowels depends on the type of syllable they occur in.
1. The first type of syllable is called an open syllable. It can be:
1) absolutely open when it ends in a vowel letter and in a vowel sound:
no, he, by, hi, flu;
2) relatively open when it ends in a vowel letter (mute E) but in a consonant sound:
note, plate, type, Pete, hide.
In the first type of syllable we read the vowels as they are pronounced in the alphabet, except the letter Y, which is pronounced as [aı]; the letter U can be pronounced as [ju:] or [u:].
2. The second type of syllable is called a closed syllable.
Itends in a consonant letter and in a consonant sound: cat, not, net, pin, bus
In the second type of syllable we read the vowels as short sounds.
3. In the third type of syllable the vowels are followed by the letter R, sometimes with another consonant at the end: star, form, her, girl, turn
In the third type of syllable we read the vowels as long sounds.
4. In the fourth type of syllable the vowels are followed by the letter R and another vowel, mute or pronounced: stare, Mary, core, mere, pyre, cure
In the fourth type of syllable we read the vowels as dipthongs or combinations of vowels, except O which is pronounced as [ɔ:].
| syllable type letter | I | II | III | IV | |||
| open syllable | closed syllable | vowel + r (+consonant) | vowel + r + vowel | ||||
| A [eı] | [eı] fable fate | [æ] fat | [ ɑ :] far farm | [ ɛ ə] fare daring | |||
| exceptions | [æ] have, habit [e] any, many | [ɑ:] example [eı] chamber | [ɑ:] are | ||||
| E [i:] | [i:] me mete | [e] met | [з:] her term | [ıə] here hero | |||
| exceptions | [e] medal, very (in two-syllable words) | [ı] England, English | [ɑ:] clerk | [ɛə] where, there [з:] were | |||
| I [aı] | [aı] hi pine | [ı] pin | [з:] s ir firm | [aıə] fire firing | |||
| exceptions | [ı] give, live city, limit (two syllables) | climb [klaım] | |||||
| O [ ɜʊ ] | [ ɜ ʊ ] no note
| [ ɒ ] not | [ ɔ :] nor north | [ ɔ :] more snoring | |||
| exceptions | [u:] who, whose, lose, do | folk [fɜʊk], off [ɔ:f] | |||||
| U [ju:] | [u:] [ju:] flu duke | [ ʌ ] cut | [з:] f ur turn | [(j) ʊ ə] sure during | |||
| exceptions | busy [ˈbızı] | usually after p,b: [ʊ] push, bull | bury [ˈberı] | ||||
| Y [waı] | [aı] by type | [ı] gym | [з:] Byrd | [aıə] tyre tyrant | |||
| NOTE | When the stressed vowel is followed by double r, itis short like in the closed syllable | [æ] carry; [e] cherry; [ı] squirrel; [ ɒ ] sorry; [ ʌ ] hurry. | |||||
WORD STRESS
In English as well as in Russian, the words which consist of two or more syllables have a stress. The stress is marked above with a little vertical line ['] before the stressed syllable: ['menı], ['enı], ['sevn]. English words can have two (more rarely – three) stresses. English stress can be primary and secondary (or strong and weak). Secondary stress is marked below [ˌ] before the stressed syllable. For example: conˌgratu'lation, 'reˌmilitari'zation. Numerals from 13 to 19 have two strong stresses.
| № | position | the stress falls on | stressed vowel | examples | exceptions | |||||||||
| TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | in most words | the first syllable
ˈ [1][2] | ˈcity, ˈmodel, ˈwonder, ˈcircus, ˈfollow | hoˈtel, oˈbey, maˈture, supˈply | ||||||||||
| 2 | with prefixes: a-, ad-, be-, de-, ex-, com-, con-, cor-, for-; re-. | the second syllable
[1]ˈ [2] | aˈmuse, adˈvise, beˈgin, deˈfend, exˈpect, comˈplain, conˈtain, corˈrect, forˈgive, reˈsult
| ˈcontext, ˈextract but: to exˈtract ˈexile, etc
| ||||||||||
| 3 | when the prefix re- means «repeat» | both syllables
ˈ [1] ˈ [2] | ˈreˈwrite [ˈri:ˈraıt] or ˌreˈwrite
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| THREE- AND FOUR-SYLLABLE WORDS | ||||||||||||||
| 4 | in the open and closed syllable | the third syllable from the end ˈ [3][2][1]
[4]ˈ [3][2][1] [4]ˈ [3][2][1][ed] | the stressed vowel is short
| [æ] ˈfamily [ɒ] ˈpopular, | u = [ ju :] in the open syllable ˈfuneral | |||||||||
| 5 | with added grammar inflexions | ˈdemonstrate, ˈdemonstrated, ˈdemonstrating |
| |||||||||||
| 6 | in the third type of syllable |
| the stressed vowel is long | ˈpharmacy [ɑ:] |
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| WORDS WITH THE SUFFIX «- IC » | ||||||||||||||
| 7 | in the words with two and three syllables | the last but one syllable [1]ˈ [2] [ic] | the stressed vowel is short | [ɒ] ˈcomic, hisˈtoric [ı] speˈcific | ||||||||||
| 8 | in four-syllable words | can have a secondary stress on the first syllable | both stressedvowelsare short | ˌdemoˈcratic [e],[æ] ˌecoˈnomic [ı], [ɒ] | ||||||||||
| WORDS WITH THE SUFFIX «- ION » | ||||||||||||||
| 9 | usually consist of four or five syllables
| the last but one syllable + can have a secondary stress on the fourth syllable from the end ˌ [4][3]ˈ [2][1] [5]ˌ [4][3]ˈ [2][1] | the stressed vowel in the open syllable before -ion is read like in the alphabet
| ˌdeleˈgation ˌrevoˈlution conˌgratuˈlation | satisfaction [ˌsætısˈfækʃn] i = [ı] ˌcompeˈtition ˈtelevision
[ˈtelıvıʒn] | |||||||||
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Define the type of the syllable and transcribe the words.
Mare, smart, hire, gym, dime, bake, cut, cur, cure, hurt, lab, dome, nor, job, type, cry, bell, white, we, him, file, rhyme, myrtle, gas, here, fare, third, cot, data, darts, rob, robe, nude, photo, nut, hi, crane, navy, desk, them, theme, hot, wake, dare, pick, jerk, lore, fir, fire, stole, hit, torn, rust, no, yes.
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