Ex. VI. Make the sentences negative.

nouns

examples

countable

in the singular

She has a house of her own.

My father is a doctor.What a nice day!

A man is waiting for you.

I saw Mr Brown, a teacher from our school.

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

A cow gives milk.

(Также: The cow gives milk.)

Cows give milk.

He didn't say a word.

A week or two passed.

material

It's a pleasure to give a good wine to friends.

Give me an ice-cream and a coffee.

a second

Give me a second book, please.

But: Give me the second book, please.

(the second in the list, pile etc.)

In fixed expressions:

1) with some abstract nouns (pity, comfort, pleasure, disappointment и т.д.)

after It’s … and What…

It’s a pity. What a pity! It’s a pleasure. What a pleasure! It’s a disappointment. What a disappointment! [but: There was disappointment in her eyes.]

2) in a hurry, as a result, as a rule, for a while, to have a good time, to be at a loss, to tell a lie, to have a cold, to catch (a) cold

5. 2. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE)

nouns

use

examples

concrete

1. when it is clear what object is meant

How did you like the film?

Give me the book, please.

Where is the dog?

2. when there is a limiting attribute in the sentence:

a subordinate clause,

an ordinal numeral,

a superlative adjective

or the words: right, wrong, same, very, only

(тот, не тот, тот самый, именно тот, единственный)

This is the house that Jack built.

She is the prettiest girl here.

When is the second break?

It’s the same story.

This is the only thing to do.

3. with a unique object

The sun was getting warmer.

Open the door, will you?

4. with adjectives and participles used as nouns

The rich also cry.

5. to denote a genre, type or invention

The telephone was invented then.

material

when we mean a certain amount of some substance

He drank the wine which Tom had brought.

The coffee was cold.

abstract

with a limiting attribute or situation

He was the hope of his parents.

I heard Carmen and enjoyed the music.

In fixed expressions:

by the way, in the original, on the whole, on the one hand, on the other hand, the other day,

to tell the truth, to tell the time, to play the piano (the violin, etc.), to go to the cinema (theatre, etc.),

to go to the country, to be on the safe side, to keep to the house, to keep to the bed,

It’s out of the question. What's the news? What’s the matter?

5. 3. NO ARTICLE = ZERO ARTICLE

nouns

use

examples

concrete

1. with objects in the plural in general sense

 (also with some)

I liked the room because there were flowers.

I've brought you some flowers.

2. in addresses

Come downstairs, child.

3. with words denoting members of the family (among members of this family), in this case they are often written with capital letters

I'd like to see Mother.

Where is Dad?

4. when the noun is followed by a cardinal numeral

Open your books at page 23.

material

1. in general sense

Honey is very useful for health.

2. when we of indefinite amount (some).

We took (some) bread and cheese with us.

abstract

1. in general sense

While there is life there is hope.

2. with non-limiting attribute

English literature,

Russian art, American history.

In parallel structures:

from morning till night, from north to south, from beginning to end, from head to foot, from house to house,

hand in hand, side by side, face to face, day and night etc. They are husband and wife.

In fixed expressions:

to take to heart; at heart, to lose heart, by heart, to take offence; to give (ask, get) permission; to keep house;

at present; at first sight; at sunrise; at sunset; at work; at home; by chance; by mistake; by name;

by bus, train etc; on foot, in debt, in town, in bed.

                                              ARTICLES WITH PROPER NAMES

use

examples

1. personal names

1. are usually used without an article.

also with words of title, rank, relation and the word doctor

Sarah looked at Mike and John.

She is the widow of poor Brian.

Call Doctor Brown.

She turned to Aunt Emily.

2. We use the when we speak of a family or in the meaning “the very”

 The Browns are at home now.

It's the Peter I told you about.

3. We put a/an,when we use a famous name as a characteristic.

She felt like an Alice in Wonderland.

2.

geographical names

1. Names of towns, countries and continents are used without any article.

London, Russia, England,

North America, South Africa.

2. We use the in the names of the countries which have common nouns: republic, union, states,      kingdom, federation.

the Russian Federation, the UK

the United States of America,

3. We use the withnames of water objects: oceans, seas, rivers, canals and channels (except lakes) and deserts.

the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific);

the Black Sea; the Thames;

the Suez Canal the Sahara.

4. We don’t use articles in the names of lakes

Lake Ontario, Lake Baikal

5. We use the with names of mountain chains and regions

The Urals; the Alps.

6. There’s no article in the names of mountain peaks.

Elbrus, Everest.

7. We use the with groups of islands

the Hawaii , the Bermudas.

8. There’s no article in the names of separate islands.

Madagascar.

9. We use the with names of some geographical areas.

the Crimea,the Far East,

the Arctic

10. The names of streets, squares, airports, universities are normally used without any article.

Oxford Street, Trafalgar Square,

Cambridge University

11. We use the with the names of cardinal points.

the north, the south, the east,

the west

12. We use the with the names of some newspapers, hotels, clubs, ships, museums, theatres, organizations.

But we use the structure proper name + common noun without any article.

the Times; the Titanic, the Hilton;

the British Museum; the BBC,

the Tower of London

BUT Buckingham Palace

Westminster Abbey

are used without an article when there is no word 

 language .

She knows English.

She knows the English language.

The words

school,

college,

prison,

bed,

church,

hospital etc.

1. are used without an article, when theylose the concrete meaning and express the purpose they serve (typical of British English):

His son left school last year.

He is in hospital.

It’s time to go to bed.

He is in prison.

2. are used with the or a in their concrete meaning

He left the school an hour ago.

He is in the hospital, visiting Mum.

The pyjamas are on the bed.

He works in the prison (a prison).

Names of

months,

weekdays, 

seasons,

meals,

times of the day

1. are normally used without an article

I met her in May

He’ll come on Monday.

We went there in (the) summer.

Dinner was boring.

It was evening when he came.

2. are used with a/an if there is a descriptive attribute

except early and late with months and seasons:

It was late summer. It was early morning.

A cold May is usual here.

We had a light supper.

It was a hot summer.

It was a sunny morning. 

3. are used with the :

if there is a limiting attribute

I met her on the Monday when David was born.

if the names of the meals are used to speak of food,

and not the process of eating

The dinner was tasty.

The breakfast was bacon and eggs.

after the prepositions in and during.

He got up early in the morning.

We met during the day.

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