Ex. 12. Use proper articles with nouns denoting parts of the day, seasons, meals.
1. Late in ....... afternoon she went back to London. 2. It was such ........ cold and windy night that we had to look for shelter. 3. ......... morning was breaking when we started. 4. It happened on ..... very day of his arrival. 5. It was ........ evening when we parted at last. 6. It has been ........ wonderful evening for me. 7. It’s pleasant to go to ......... country on ......... warm summer day. 8. ....... night was so wet that no one was about. 9. ...... morning was perfect. 10. It’s ....... early morning. 11. I thought it was ........ morning. 12. ....... night was silent. 13. It was ....... late night when he arrived. 14. ............ evening was still and warm. 15. It all happened early in ............... morning. 16. What ......... exciting day it has been! 17. It is .......... last day that we are together. 18. We arrived late at ....... night. 19. It’s awful to be out-of-doors on ....... stormy day like this. 20. ....... winter was cold. 21. It was ...... early autumn. 22. ...... summer is my favourite season.
Ex. 13. Use proper articles with nouns denoting parts of the day, seasons, meals.
1. In .......... spring ......... days become longer and ......... nights grow shorter. 2. ........ summer is ........ good time for sports. 3. It was ....... cold rainy autumn. 4. ........ spring has come. 5. We have ........ breakfast at eight. 6. When ..... lunch was over, they went upstairs to have ....... little rest. 7. We all agreed that it was ....... very pleasant dinner. 8. It’s not good to smoke before .............. breakfast. 9. Nobody objected to ......... light supper. 10. At ............dinner we sat far from each other. 11. It was ........... excellent breakfast. 12. Will you come down to ........ tea? 13. ......... dinner was marvellous. ......... dessert was especially good. 14. I’ll speak to him at ....... dinner. 15. ............ breakfast was bacon and eggs and coffee. 16. When ........ dinner was over she decided to talk to him.17. We should organize ........ little dinner to celebrate the event. 18. If you come half ...... hour before ...... supper, you will find him at ........ home. 19. After ........ dinner sit a while, after ....... supper walk ....... mile. 20. That night we had ........ lonely little dinner. 21. She came down to ........... breakfast. 22. ......... dinner is ready, sir.
Ex. 14. Fill in articles where necessary.
… young man was out for … walk in … big city when he met … penguin. … penguin seemed to take … fancy to him and began to follow … young man. … man was at … loss, so he went to … policeman to ask for … advice. ‘Take … penguin to … zoo’, said … policeman. ’With … pleasure’, said … man.
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… next day … policeman saw … same young man again still followed by … penguin. ‘What are you doing with … penguin?’ he asked, ’I told you to take it to … zoo’.
‘Yes’, said … man, ’we went to … zoo yesterday. Today we’re going to … museum’.
Ex. 15. Read the joke and answer the questions:
What did the foreigner want to ask? Why didn’t the Englishman understand him?
A foreigner in London asked a passer-by: ‘Excuse me, but what is time?’
The Englishman politely replied: ‘By a strange coincidence, I am philosophically minded too, but I haven’t yet been able to find an answer to this great problem.’
TOPIC 2. DESCRIBING PEOPLE
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
GENERAL RULE
1. English nouns have two cases: the common case and the possessive case.
We normally only use the possessive case (to show possession) for people and animals.
We can always use the of-construction instead.
a man’s voice – the voice of a man; the Smiths’ cottage – the cottage of the Smiths.
| № | what | how | examples |
| 1 | common nouns and names in the singular |
We add apostrophe + s [əˈpɒstrəfı] (апостроф) | a boy’s name; this actress’s career; this cat’s milk; Tom’s cat; |
| 2 | indefinite and negative pronouns | somebody ’ s advice ; nobody ’ s business ; | |
| 3 | irregular nouns without the ending -s in the plural | these sheep’s wool; his children’s toys; | |
| 4 | compound nouns and word combinations | my sister-in-law’s father the Queen of Spain’s daughter | |
| 5 | regular nouns ending in -s in the plural | We only add an apostrophe | the girls’ dolls; the Joneses’ son; the horses’ names. |
| 6 | famous names ending in -s | We add an apostrophe (+ s) | Keats’ poetry; St James’ Park; |
| 7 | groups of nouns | We add apostrophe + s at the end of the group to show common possession We add apostrophe + s to each noun to show individual possession | Meet Tom and Ann’s children. Meet Tom’s and Ann’s children . |
Note: When the word combination is too long or a noun is followed by an additional phrase or clause, we use the of-construction.
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Can you take the book of the boy sitting behind you? She’s the sister of a colleague of mine.
NON-LIVING THINGS
We can use the possessive case with some nouns denoting non-living things.
| № | where | examples |
| 1 | in time and distance phrases | an hour’s break; a day’s work; a day or two’s rest; five miles’ trip; today’s news; tomorrow’s plans; |
| Instead of plural possessivewe can use a compound adjective with a hyphen to say the same. | two months’ wages = two-month wages; three minutes’ walk = a three-minute walk; | |
| 2 | with the names of countries, cities, organizations and ships and with the nouns world, country, city, ship. | America’s policy; New York’s underground; the government’s decision; the world’s best museums; the ship’s crew; |
| 3 | in fixed expressions | the earth’s surface; to keep at arm’s length; a stone’s throw from… |
Note: In other caseswithnon-living things we use an of -construction or (occasionally) a compound adjective.
the leg of the table (=the table leg); the key of the door (=the door key);
the book of the film; the shadow of the tree.
NOTES
1. The possessive can be used without the head noun to avoid repetition orto refer to places (where someone lives, shops, businesses, medical offices, churches, colleges, restaurants etc.)
My room is smaller than my sister’s. I’m staying at my aunt’s. Let´s go to the baker´s.
She is a guest at the Watsons’. You are to be at the dentist’s at 5. We´ll meet at St. Paul´s.
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2. Sometimes a noun in the possessive case may be used as a descriptive attribute to the head noun, answering the question What kind of ? (and not the question Whose?)
In this case the article (or its absence) refers to the head noun.
a boys’ school, a children’s book, cow’s milk;
школа для мальчиков, детская книга, коровье молоко.
3. We pronounce ’s the sameas the plural ending.
[s] after voiceless consonants. Jack’s job; Pat’s bag; his wife’s recipe;
[z] after voiced consonants and vowels. this docto r’s advice; Bill’s place; his dad’s bike;
[ız] after sibilants (s,z,ʃ,ʒ,ʧ,ʤ). the boss’s office; Mr Page’s case; Gladys’s cookies;
EXERCISES
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