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ORGAN SYSTEMS
As the various tissues in the plant and animal body differentiate, they become associated with each other to form organs that carry out particular functions. Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems. The coordinated functioning of all organ systems enables an individual organism to live in its environment and to reproduce.
Ten such systems are commonly recognized in animals.
The digestive system is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver. All these organs function together to break down food particles into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream.
The circulatory system is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph. This system transports materials from one part of the body to another. The circulatory system also transports hormones and has a role in the regulation of body temperature and in protecting the body against disease.
The respiratory system is composed of the lungs and the related air passages (the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tubes). The function of this system is twofold: to supply all the cells within the body with the oxygen they need to carry on respiration; to remove the carbon dioxide and some of the water that is a waste product of respiration. In some animals, other organs of respiration have evolved. For example, fish possess gills, insects have a series of tubules through which air flows, and a number of organisms, particularly the more primitive ones, carry on an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange through the body surface.
The excretory system provides the body with a means of ridding itself of metabolic waste materials. The primary excretory organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.
The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage, depending upon the group of animals. The skeletal system provides a supporting framework for the body, a system of joints, and places of attachment for skeletal muscles. In vertebrates, this system also serves to protect other parts of the body, such as the brain and the spinal cord.
The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.
The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal environment. The nervous system receives the stimuli and conducts the nerve impulses that cause an organism to respond. It also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In higher animals this system permits the processes, which we term intelligence, i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory.
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The reproductive system has as its sole function the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their various associated ducts and glands. The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of primitive forms do not involve reproductive organs.
The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones. Hormones are highly specific in their effects. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs, which compose this system.
The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it. The primary purpose of this system is protection.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. What are organs system
2. Where do organs and organ systems exist?
3. How many systems are commonly recognized in animals?
4. What organs is the digestive system composed of?
5. What does the circulatory system consist of?
6. How does this system transport materials?
7. What organs is the respiratory system composed of?
8. What is the function of this system?
9. What does the excretory system provide the body with?
10. What are the primary excretory organs?
11. What does the skeleton system provide?
12. What does the muscular system involve?
13. What do you know about the composition of the nervous system?
14. Does this system permit the process of intelligence?
15. What is the sole function of the reproductive system?
16. What does the endocrine system consist of?
17. What is the primary purpose of the integumentary system?
Вправи
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