Are these statements true or false? If they are false, say why. Use the following phrases:
I can’t agree to this statement because…
Just the contrary…
I think…
To my mind…
1. Brick is made by pressing clay into blocks and burning them.
2. We know when brick appeared.
3. Brick is used in every architectural style.
4. Brick is made by hand.
5. Brick is rectangular in shape.
6. There are different kinds of brick.
7. A bricklayer is able to handle more than 1000 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
5. Study the text and answer the following questions:
1. How is brick made?
2. How was primitive form of brick made?
3. Did brick exist in times of which no record remained?
4. What are the properties of brick?
5. What is the shape of a brick?
6. Are there different kinds of brick?
7. How many bricks is a man able to handle in an eight-hour working day?
Render the text in Ukrainian.
IV. Vocabulary and Grammar Activator
1. Study the text and give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
to consider; shape; solid; pleasing appearance; texture; high volume weight; ordinary brick; more economical; convenient size; eight-hour working day; at the beginning.
2. Study the text and find English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
повністю замінити; древній метод; механічні процеси; постійне використання; архітектурний стиль; незруйнований; існувати; якість; фунт; давати змогу; висока теплопровідність.
3. Complete the following sentences:
1. Brick is universally used in …….. .
2. Brick is made by …….. .
3. Good brick is more durable than …….. .
4. The ancient hand-fashioned methods were replaced by …….. .
5. Brick is ……. in shape.
6. A brick weighs …….. .
7. ……. are more economical than ordinary bricks.
Combine the words from the left and right column to make word combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian:
| practice | |
| rectangular | textures |
| pleasing | colours |
| various | material |
| volume | style |
| thermal | methods |
| building | brick |
| ordinary | qualities |
| architectural | weight |
| ancient | conductivity |
| solid | |
| appearance |
Compose sentences with the words and phrases from Ex. 4.
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Study the text and find sentences with the Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions. Translate them into Ukrainian.
7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. We know brick to be produced by new methods.
2. I saw the bricklayer practice handling bricks.
4. Brick proved to be of high thermal conductivity.
5. Porous bricks are considered to be more effective.
6. A bricklayer seems to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
7. Brick appeared to have been used since the Middle Ages.
8. It is for the engineer to decide what building material to be used in this structure.
9. It is necessary to protect fingers from rough bricks.
10. Bricklayers use leather pads to prevent fingers from rough bricks.
V. Talking Assignments
Divide the text into logical parts.
2 . Express the main idea of each part. Use the following phrases:
– The first (second, third …) part of the text is about …
– It describes (considers, deals with, informs) …
– The author stresses (points out) that …
3. Ask your friend questions in English about their content. Summarize his/her answers:
– Чому цегла вважається одним з найпоширеніших будівельних матеріалів?
– Як виглядає цеглина?
– Які види цегли ви знаєте?
– Чому будівництво з цегли популярне протягом сотень років?
– Як виробляють цеглу зараз? Як її виробляли раніше?
4. Discuss with your friend the advantages of modern brick. Use the following expressions:
| Opening discussion: | As I see it… If you ask me… I’d say that… I couldn’t agree… I sometimes think… Don’t you agree that… |
| Promoting discussion: | That’s good point… I see what you mean…but sorry… Let me explain that… I’m not sure I quite agree with you here… That’s just what I was thinking about… |
| Misunderstanding: | I didn’t quite follow what you are saying… I don’t quite see what you mean… Sorry, let me explain what I mean… |
Give a short summary of the text.
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VI. Listening Comprehension
1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
silicon, glass, ceramics, limestone, to embrace, putty, to mould, to ignite, to retain, slaked lime, marl, to roast, kiln, mortar, to harden, to bind, furnace, to cool, viscous, silicate, tamping cement, high alumina, foamed glass.
2. Mask the text “Silicate Industry” and listen to it attentively:
Text B. Silicate Industry
The industry processing the natural compounds of silicon is called the silicate industry. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics.
The production of ceramic goods is considered to be based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form putty from which articles can easily be moulded. When these articles are dried and then baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and their shape, no longer being softened by water.
In this way clay mixed with water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.
Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture marl; the materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in lumps of a caked mass is cement, which is then ground.
There are different types of cement: tamping cement for oil and gas wells; high alumina cement, which is very resistant to chemical attack, Portland cement, used in the construction of lightened structures with large spans; blast-furnace slag cement, coloured cement.
When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or stones, very firmly. It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a binding material in large scale construction, including underwater construction. Cement is the most important component of concrete.
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Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda Na2CO3, limestone CaCO3, and sand SiO2. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath-shaped furnace.
When it cools, the liquid mass of glass does not become hard at once. At first it becomes viscous and readily assumes any shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it.
3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:
1. What is the name of the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon?
2. What materials are used for making silicate bricks?
3. What are the initial materials for getting glass?
4. How do we get concrete?
5. What is the difference between cement and concrete?
4. Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:
The text is head-lined…
It/the text informs the reader about…
It/the text deals with…
It/the text considers the problem of...
The main idea of the text is…
It/the text describes…
It/the text gives comments on…
It/the text draws reader’s attention to…
It is pointed out that…
At the beginning/end…
Further…
The author points out/stresses/informs/considers…
The text is useful and interesting for…
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