Study the text and answer the following questions:
1. What must a designer be able to do while projecting any of the buildings?
2. What factors of materials are taken into account?
3. What are the main building materials?
4. Which of the building materials was the first to be used for construction purposes?
5. Which of the building materials was used by the Romans?
6. What is the difference between cast-in-place and precast concrete?
7. What are the advantages of precast concrete?
6. For each definition write a word from the text:
1. An engineer who designs or maintains different constructions.
2. Powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar.
3. A composition of gravel, sand, cement, and water, used for building.
4. A small, usually rectangular, block of fired or sundried clay, used in building.
5. Wood prepared for building.
Render the text in Ukrainian.
IV. Vocabulary and Grammar Activator
1. Study the text and give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
to select and adapt; the most effective result; the most economical means; to cosider many factors; availability; depend on; to be subjected to load; to use for constructional purposes; durable; fire-proof; poor heat conductivity; compressive strength; hydraulic binders; practical application; building site; mixing installation; casting yard; high standard of precision.
2. Study the text and give English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
зробити вибір; проектувальник повинен бути здатним; брати до уваги; форма; лісоматеріали; цегла; легкі метали; пластмаса; практичне застосування; цивілізовані країни; властивості; завод збірного бетону; особлива зацікавленість (у чомусь).
3. Study the text and find the nouns corresponding to the
following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
to build; to design; to construct; to conduct; to produce; to improve; to apply; to install; to operate.
4. Give sentences in English using the following words and word-combinations:
1. зводити споруди; 2. матеріали, які дадуть найкращий результат знайменшими затратами; 3. брати до уваги багато факторів; 4. основні будівельні матеріали; 5. найстаріший будівельний матеріал; 6. міцний та вогнетривкий; 7. цемент; 8. бетон; 9. залізобетон; 10. монолітний бетон; 11. збірний бетон.
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Change direct speech into indirect speech. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
1. The architect said: "All the buildings erected today are of two main types'".
2. The civil engineer stressed: "These materials will give the most efective result by the most economical means".
3. He remarked: "Portland cement was produced more than a century ago'".
4. The students asked: "What are the most important building materails?"
5. The professor pointed out: "One of the properties of concrete is its compressive etrength".
Yesterday you attended the lecture on building materials. Here are some of the things the professor said to you:
1. All the buildings are intended either for housing or industial purposes.
2. A civil engineer has to consider many factors.
3. Timber was one of the first building materials.
4. Concrete was used in antiquity.
5. Reinforced concrete is hardly 100 years old.
6. Cast-in-place concrete is mixed and placed on the building site.
7. A precast concrete plant consists of two parts.
8. Light weight concrete is being widely used today.
9. Materials influence the schools of architecture.
10. The result of segregation will be a concrete of poor quality.
Later that day you tell a friend of yours what the professor said. Use indirect speech:
1. The professor said that all buildings were intended either for housing or industrial purposes.
2. He said that ...
You attended the seminar on building materials. The professor asked you a lot of questions:
1. What are the main types of buildings?
2. When will materials be the most effective?
3. What does the choice of materials depend on?
4. When was Portland cement produced?
5. Are buildings made of stone and brick durable?
6. Does precast concrete plant consist of two or three parts?
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7. What country was concrete used in?
8. Does a civil enginner consider many factors choosing building materials?
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