Name all building materials mentioned in the text. Tell your friends in what constructions they are used .
Give a short summary of the text. Present summaries to the class and choose the summary that is the best.
VI. Listening Comprehension
1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
bearing wall, skeleton frame, the earliest days, loaded floor, in turn, to transmit the load, foundation, sufficient thickness, excessive, structural steel, to occur, required interval, storey level.
2. Mask the text “Bearing Wall and Skeleton Frame” and listen to it attentively:
Text B. Bearing Wall and Skeleton Frame
From the point of view of method of construction buildings may be divided into the following groups:
1. Bearing wall construction;
2. Skeleton frame construction.
Bearing wall construction has been the method of structural design employed from the earliest days. By this method the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon the exterior and interior walls, which in turn transmit the loads to the foundation. It is evident that the walls must be of sufficient thickness to carry the loads as well as their own weight; consequently, as the height of buildings increased the required thickness of the walls and the weights brought upon the foundations became excessive and uneconomical.
Skeleton frame construction has been made possible by the development of structural steel and later of reinforced concrete. According to this method the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon girders running between the columns. The columns are placed along the buildings and are known as exterior or wall columns: they also occur at required intervals within the body of the building, in which case they are called interior columns. A framework is thereby formed, the walls being carried upon the wall girders at each storey level. The walls are consequently mere enclosures bearing no weight and are of the same thickness on all storeys. The columns transmit the loads to the foundations.
3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:
1. What groups may buildings be divided into from the point of view of method of construction?
2. Is bearing wall construction an old method of structural design?
3. Do the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon the exterior and interior walls by this method?
4. Are those loads in turn transmitted to the foundation?
5. Why must the walls be of sufficient thickness?
6. What happened as the height of buildings increased?
7. Are structural steel and reinforced concrete used in skeleton frame construction?
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8. What do the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon according to this method?
9. Can you explain the difference between exterior and interior columns?
10. How do you explain the fact that the walls are of the same thickness on all storeys in skeleton frame construction?
Brainstorming. In small groups of 3 or 4 students discuss formulated answers.
5 . Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:
The text is head-lined…
It/the text informs the reader about…
It/the text deals with…
It/the text considers the problem of...
The main idea of the text is…
It/the text describes…
It/the text gives comments on…
It/the text draws reader’s attention to…
It is pointed out that…
At the beginning/end…
Further…
The author points out/stresses/informs/considers…
The text is useful and interesting for…
Translate the text into Ukrainian.
VII. Written assignment
Using text A and B of Unit 6 write a presentation about types of buildings from the point of view of the method and the manner of construction.
Test № 2 (Units 4,5,6).
Test your professional, socio-cultural and language competences.
Mark the correct variant.
1. Construction industry is an … branch of the economy that involves the construction of new and the maintenance of existing buildings and permanent structures.
1. difficult; 2. significant; 3. important.
2. Architecture is closely related to construction and occupies a position halfway between civil engineering and … .
1. technology; 2. art; 3. music.
3. According to use, permanent structures can be divided into … and public building.
1. school; 2. community; 3. residential.
4. The noun corresponding to the verb to design is a … .
1. builder; 2. designer; 3. constructor.
5. Many thousands of years ago in colder counties people dwelt in … .
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1. trees; 2. caves; 3. houses.
6. The first houses were merely shelters and there were no … .
1. doors; 2. windows; 3. roof.
7. A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks which are called … .
1. bricks; 2. prefabs; 3. stones.
8. In order to build a house a careful … of the site has to be made.
1. examination; 2. survey; 3. structure.
9. The steps between two landings are called … .
1. a flight of stairs; 2. handrails; 3. banisters.
10. The whole structure is crowned by the … which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather.
1. roof; 2. floor; 3. door.
11. The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and binding them together with … .
1. mortar; 2. concrete; 3. sand.
12. Mark English equivalent for “виконроб”.
1. carpenter; 2. locksmith; 3. foreman.
13. The majority of building … be divided into classes.
1. can; 2. may; 3. needn’t.
14. The building is rather high. The flooring … be of incombustible materials.
1. must; 2. should; 3. can.
15. From the point of view of method of construction buildings may be divided into … groups.
1. 2; 2. 3; 3. 4.
16. The columns are placed along the buildings and are known as … or wall columns.
1. exterior; 2. interior; 3. high.
17. It is evident that the walls must be of … thickness to carry the loads as well as their own weight.
1. important; 2. sufficient; 3. efficient.
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18. The English equivalents for “штукатурка” is … .
1. siding; 2. stucco; 3. sheet metal.
19. Egyptian pyramids are made of … .
1. stone; 2. wood; 3. bricks.
20. The English for “бетонник” is … .
1. concrete layer; 2. paper hanger; 3. glazier.
21. The English for the name of speciality “міське будівництво і господарство” is … .
1. town building and bard;
2. town planning and development;
3. city construction and management.
22. Nowadays very tall and huge buildings are made of … .
1. steel and concrete; 2. bricks; 3. stone.
23. The English for “головний інженер” is … .
1. steeplejack; 2. a chief engineer;
3. a safety engineer.
24. The English for “фундамент” is … .
1. base; 2. basis; 3. foundation.
25. While choosing a material for construction, the civil engineer must consider … .
1. cost of materials; 2. physical properties of materials;
3. availability of materials.
26. … was one of the first building materials.
1. timber; 2. concrete;
3. portland cement.
27. Brick-building has been popular for many hundreds of years because … .
1. of a brick’s shape; 2. of its strength;
3. of a brick’s shape and convenient size.
28. The cheapest building material is … .
1. wood; 2. bricks; 3. concrete.
29. The English for “начальник будівництва” is … .
1. building surveyor; 2. brick layer;
3. construction site chief.
30. The English for “залізобетон” is … .
1. precast concrete; 2. light concrete;
3. reinforced concrete.
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| 7 . | 1. The Most Important Building Materials. |
| 2. How Materials Influence the Schools of Architecture. | |
| 3. Sequence of Tenses[10]. |
I. Grammar Revision
Sequence of Tenses
| S1 + V1 | (that) | + S2 + | Present/Past/Future Indefinite |
| Present/Past/Future Continuous | |||
| Present/Past/Future Perfect |
| S1 + V2 | (that) | + S2+ | Past Indefinite / Continuous |
| Past Perfect | |||
| Future-in-the-Past |
| S1 + V2 | what | + S2+ | Past Indefinite |
| where | Past Continuous | ||
| if | Past Perfect | ||
| whether | Future-in-the-Past |
Вказівні займенники й прислівники часу в прямій мові заміняються в непрямій мові відповідно змісту таким чином:
| this, these | → | that, those |
| now | → | then |
| today | → | that day |
| tomorrow | → | the next day |
| the day after tomorrow | → | two days later |
| yesterday | → | the day before |
| the day before yesterday | → | two days before |
| last week / year | → | the previous week / year |
| ago | → | before |
| next year | → | the next year, the following year |
| here | → | there |
II. Vocabulary Comprehension
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