Translate the text into Ukrainian.

 

VII. Written assignment

Using text A and B of Unit 5 write a short presentation about the building of a house and its costs. Interview each other in pairs. Get ready to present this information.

 

6 .	1. Types of Buildings.
	2. Bearing Wall and Skeleton Frame.
	3. Modal Verbs[9].

                  

I. Grammar Revision

Modal Verbs

В англійській мові є група дієслів /can, may, must, should, need, have to... , be to .../, які називаються модальними. Вони не мають усіх основних форм властивих іншим дієсловам: і тому називаються недостатніми (Defective Verbs). Модальні дієслова не вживаються самостійно, а лише в сполучені з інфінітивом іншого дієслова.

Модальні дієслова не виражають дії або стану, а лише можливість, необхідність, бажаність, ймовірність, здатність виконання дії, позначеної інфінітивом.

Modal Verbs + have (done)

could have (done) is used to say that we had the ability or the opportuning to do smth. but did not do it.

Eg.: We could have gone to the cinema last night but we decided to stay at home.

couldn’t have (done) is used to say that you wouldn’t have been able to do it if you had wanted or tried to do it.

Eg.: The football match was cancelled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was ill.

must have (done) is used to express supposition.

Eg.: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.

needn’t have (done) is used to say that someone did smth. but it wasn’t necessary.

Eg.: Ann bought some eggs, but at home she found plenty of eggs. So she needn’t have bought any eggs.

shouldn’t have (done) is used to say that someone did a wrong thing.

Eg.: I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate.

should have (done) is used to say that someone didn’t do it, but it would have been the right thing to do.

Eg.: You should have come to the party yesterday.

 

Modal Verb		Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite	Meaning
OBLIGATION	must V	He must do it.			Необхідність, обов’язок зробити щось.
		– Must he do it?
		– No, he mustn’t.
		(No, he needn't).
	have to V	He has to do it.	He had to do it.	He'll have to do it.	Необхідність, обов'язок, що виникає через обставини.
		He doesn't have to do it.	He didn't have to do it.	He will not have to do it.
		Does he have to do it?	Did he have to do it?	Will he have to do it?
	be to V	He is to do it.	He was to do it.	He will be to do it.	Необхідність, обов'язок, що виникає через обставини.
		He isn't to do it.	He wasn't do it.	He will not be to do it.
		Is he to do it?	Was he to do it?	Will he be to do it?
	should V	He should do it.			Порада.
ABILITY	can V	He can do it.	He could do it.		Можливість, вміння виконати дію.
		He can't do it.	He couldn't do it
		Can he do it?	Could he do it?
			Could you give me a book?		Ввічлива форма прохання.
	be able to V	He is able to do it.	He was able to do it.	He will be able to do it.	Бути спроможним щось зробити.
		He isn't able to do.	He wasn't able to do it.	He will not be able to do it.
		Is he able to do it?	Was he able to do it?	Will he be able to do it?
PERMISSION	may V	He may do it.	He might do it.		Дозвіл, прохання виконати дію. Припущення.
		He may not do it.
		May he do it?
	be allowed to V	He is allowed to do it.	He was allowed to do it.	He will be allowed to do it.	Дозвіл виконати дію.
		He isn't allowed to do it.	He wasn't allowed to do it.	He will not be allowed to do it.
		Is he allowed to do it?	Was he allowed to do it?	Will he be allowed to do it?

II. Vocabulary Comprehension

1. Learn the words and word-combinations to comprehend the text:

framework	ферма, коробка, рама
manner	спосіб
to apply	застосовувати
frame construction	каркасна конструкція
(non) fireproof	(не) вогнетривкий
to sheathe with	обшивати
wood shingles	покрівельна дранка
siding	зовнішня обшивка
to veneer	облицьовувати
stucco	штукатурка
sheet metal	листове залізо
inflammable	легко займистий, гарячий
to designate	визначати, вказувати
fire resistant	стійкий до вогню
incombustible material	негорючий матеріал
to fill in	заповнювати
under floor	нижній поверх
upper floor	верхній поверх
gypsum tile	гіпсовий кахель
girder	балка, брус, опора

 

2. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

class, manner, ordinary, exterior, metal, type, material, gypsum, interior, finish.

 

3. Underline the affixes, state what part of speech they indicate and translate the following words into Ukrainian:

construction, building, devision, wooden, naturally, partitions, inflammable, resistant, structural, weakening, nonfireproof.

 

III. Reading Comprehension

1. Skim the text first to define its general subject and the subject of each paragraph. Use the following phrases:

The text is about…

The subject of the text is…

There are…paragraphs in it.

The first (second, third, etc.) paragraph deals with (considers…, describes…, informs…).

 

2. Skim the text again and answer the following questions:

1. What classes of buildings are mentioned in the text?

2. Are all classes described?

3. What classes are buildings divided into according to the manner of construction?

 

3. Read the text:

Text A. Types of Buildings

1. The majority of buildings may be divided into classes according to the manner of their construction, use, or occupancy. The following devision into classes according to the manner of construction has to be applied.

1. Frame construction.

2. Nonfireproof constructions:

(a) Ordinary construction;

(b) Slow-burning construction.     

3. Fireproof construction.

2. Frame construction embraces all buildings which must have exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed with wood shingles or siding; veneered with brick, stone, or terra cotta; or covered with stucco or sheet metal. Such buildings naturally have floors and partitions of wood and are considered as comprising the most inflammable type of construction.

3. Nonfireproof construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of masonry but with wood floor construction and partitions. Slow-burning construction designates heavy timber framing designed as far as possible to be fire resistant, the heavy beams and girders of large dimension proving far less inflammable than the slender joists of ordinary construction.

4. Fireproof construction includes all buildings which must be constructed of incombustible material throughout, with floors of iron, steel, or reinforced concrete beams, filled in between with terra cotta or other masonry arches or with concrete slabs. Wood may be used only for under and upper floors, window and door frames, sash, doors, and interior finish. In buildings of great height the flooring must be of incombustible material and the sash, doors, frames, and interior finish of metal. Wire glass is used in the windows, and all structural and reinforced steel must be surrounded with fireproof material, such as hollow terra cotta and gypsum tile to protect the steel from the weakening effect of great heat.

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