Divide the text into logical parts.
2 . Express the main idea of each part. Use the following phrases:
– The first (second, third…) part of the text is about …
– It describes (considers, deals with, informs) …
– The author stresses (points out) that …
Ask your friend some questions in English about their content. Summarize his/her answers:
– Що включає будівельна промисловість?
– Чим займається цивільне будівництво?
– Чим займається архітектура?
– За яким принципом класифікуються споруди?
– Як класифікуються споруди щодо використаних матеріалів?
– Як класифікуються споруди щодо їхнього використання?
– Що включають житлові(сільські, промислові, гідротехнічні, транспортні) споруди?
– Які методи використовуються в сучасному будівництві?
– Що означають ці методи?
Give a short summary of the text.
VI. Listening Comprehension
1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
to protect, to dwell, cave, mud wall, brick wall, purpose, to erect, temple, tomb, shelter, owner, conveniences, running water, air conditioning, masonry chimney.
2. Mask the text “From the History of Building” and listen to it attentively :
Text B. From the History of Building
Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.
The first houses were merely shelters built for the purpose of protecting their owners from weather and therefore were very simple – a roof to keep off the rain, and walls to keep out the wind. At the beginning there were no windows. A little later each house had its fireplace and a masonry chimney.
For many years, even centuries, houses were built without any conveniences. There was no water supply, no heating system, no electric light. Very gradually a change came about, especially in cities.
First, there was running water in kitchens, then hot water, later fully equipped bathrooms. The latest thing is air conditioning.
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3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:
1. Where did people live many thousand years ago?
2. Was there any difference in dwellings in hot and cold countries?
3. Why did people leave their caves and trees?
4. How did the first houses look like?
5. Were there any conveniences in first houses?
6. What are modern conveniences?
7. What were the first building materials?
4. Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:
The text is head-lined…
It/the text informs the reader about…
It/the text deals with…
It/the text considers the problem of...
The main idea of the text is…
It/the text describes…
It/the text gives comments on…
It/the text draws reader’s attention to…
It is pointed out that…
At the beginning/end…
Further…
The author points out/stresses/informs/considers…
The text is useful and interesting for…
Translate the text into Ukrainian.
VII. Written assignment
Using text A and B of Unit 4 write a short presentation about the development of construction industry. Summarize all the principal information.
| 5 . | 1. Housing. |
| 2. The Engineer and Construction Industry. | |
| 3. Passive Voice[8]. |
I. Grammar Revision
Passive Voice
| S + be + V3 |
| Час (Tense) | Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect |
| Present | am S + is + V3 are | am S + is +being + V3 are | have S + +been + V3 has |
| Past | was S + + V3 were | was S + +being + V3 were | S + had +been + V3 |
| Future | will S+ +be+V3 shall | — | will S+ +have+been+V3 shall |
Modals with the Passive Voice.
| can S + may + be + V3 must |
II. Vocabulary Comprehension
1. Learn the words and word-combinations to comprehend the text:
| gypsum concrete panel | гіпсоцементна панель |
| prefabricated blocks | збірні блоки |
| to assemble on the spot | монтувати на площадці |
| to take place | відбуватися |
| under the supervision | під наглядом |
| foreman | виконроб, старший майстер |
| bricklayer | муляр |
| carpenter | тесляр |
| plasterer | штукатур |
| plumber | водопровідник |
| painter | маляр |
| locksmith | слюсар |
| glass-cutter | скляр |
| to make a survey | робити землемірну зйомку |
| bearing power | опорне навантаження |
| to stake out | позначати границю віхами |
| foundation | фундамент |
| to dig (dug, dug) | копати, викопувати |
| excavation | виймання ґрунту |
| basement | основа, фундамент, підвальне приміщення |
| to prevent from settlement | запобігати зсіданню грунту |
| framework | коробка, форма крокви |
| to carry the load | нести навантаження |
| roof | дах |
| floor joist | балка для підлоги |
| beam | балка, брус |
| girder | балка, брус, поперечина |
| to make up | утворювати |
| to space | розставляти, розміщати |
| course of bricks | горизонтальний ряд кладки |
| mortar | будівельний розчин |
| trowel | кельма |
| solid walls | суцільні стіни |
| hollow walls | пустотілі стіни |
| to plaster | штукатурити |
| to insert a lintel | встановлювати перемичку |
| opening | отвір |
| staircase | сходи |
| stair (step) | східець, щабель |
| banister (handrail) | поруччя (сходів) |
| flight of stairs | сходовий марш |
| to crown | вінчати, завершувати |
| sheathing | обшивка |
| rafter | крокви |
| purlin | лата |
| truss | кроквяна ферма |
| shingle | покрівельна дранка |
| slate | шифер |
| tile | черепиця |
| sewer pipe | каналізаційна труба |
| water pipe | водопровідна труба |
| faucet (tap) | вентель, кран водопровідний |
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2. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:
type, gypsum, block, industrial, assemble, process, contact, action, present, stability, proportioned, position, regular, material.
3. Define meanings of the following words by their affixes, state what part of speech they indicate:
house – housing; industry – industrial; paint – painter; cut – cutter; excavate – excavation – excavator; base – basement; nature – natural; lead – leading; connect – connection.
III. Reading Comprehension
1. Skim the text to define its general subject and the subject of each paragraph. Use the following phrases:
The text is about…
The subject of the text is…
There are…paragraphs in it.
The first (second, third, etc.) paragraph deals with (considers…, describes…, informs…).
2. Skim the text again and answer the following questions:
1. Are the most important building materials mentioned?
2. Are main building professions named?
3. Are the most important parts of a building described?
3. Read the text:
Text A. Housing
1. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone, and concrete. A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks (prefabs). All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. The building process takes place under the supervision of foremen and engineers. The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, locksmiths, glass-cutters, etc.
2. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next, the building lines are staked out. After this, the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for thebasement and then followed by the actual building of the foundation walls below ground level. Then the foundation work is finished by providing anchoring sills. That is the case of a wooden building. In the case of a brick structure, the building of the walls may be directly proceeded with.
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3. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with thesoil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent from settlement. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is framework. It carries the loads which are imposed on it. To do this work properly and safely the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed, proportioned, spaced and arranged.
4. The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and binding them together with mortar. The instrument used by the bricklayer is called a trowel. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. They may be plastered, then covered with wall-paper or painted. The chief instruments used by the plasterer are the trowel and the float.
5. When doors or windows are to be made, a lintel is usually inserted in the wall above the opening. Storeys are separated by reinforced concrete slabs. The staircase leads to the upper floors. The staircase consists of stairs (steps). When we ascend or descend from step to step we hold on to the banisters (handrails). The steps between two landings are called a flight of stairs
6. The whole structure is crowned by the roof which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to the structure. A complete roof consists of covering, sheathing, rafters, purlins and roof trusses. The covering is the outer or weather resisting coating of the roof. The materials mostly used for the covering are shingles, slate, tiles and iron. After the building of the house is completed there will be need to make a number of connections: sewer and water pipes with faucets (taps). This particular part of the work is undertaken by plumbers, while electrical, gas, and other connections are made by the electricians, etc.
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