Make the following sentences passive. Translate the second sentence in each part.
1.They have settled the dispute out of court. The dispute …
2.The Court of Appeal overturned the previous decision. The previous decision…
3.Traffic court considers minor violations of traffic laws. Minor violations …
4. The police may question you about your activities. You may be…
5. The defendant has to pay a fine. A fine …
6. The police will arrest violent demonstrators. So, if you are violent, they will arrest you. Violent demonstrators …
7.The Parliament is passing the new legislation. The new legislation…
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive verb form.
1. I hope some agreement (reach) tomorrow.
2. Legal advice (seek) by people frequently.
3. Different kinds of offences (to reflect) in Crime Statistics.
4. The evidence on the case (to collect) still by the investigator.
5. The hearing of the criminal case (to postpone).
6. The case of murder (to investigate) last year.
7. A new law (adopt) lately.
8. The trial (to close) by the judge by the time we came to the court.
9. The textbook on civil law (to publish) by January.
10. A new law (pass) at the moment.
Complete the gaps with the correct prepositions.
1. Regulators monitor the activities of companies to ensure that they comply…the law.
a) as b) with c) to
2. A party will not always be able to recover all losses when suing … damages.
a) for b) after c) with
3. Damages are awarded… a party for any loss that the party has suffered as a result of a breach of contract.
a)to b) into c) by
4. I have completed an internship at a big commercial firm specializing … negotiable instruments.
a) in b) with c) to
5. The responsibilities …commercial lawyers involve drafting contracts, reviewing documents, litigating cases in courts.
a) for b) of c) after
Уч. год
Составитель: Цветкова А.В.
Заочное отделение
Юридический факультет
Контрольная работа
по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции»
Для студентов 2 курса, 3 семестр
Вариант 3
Read the text carefully.
Defamation
1.A person’s reputation is a valuable asset. Therefore, every person is protected from false statements made by others during his or her lifetime. This protection ends upon a person’s death. The tort of defamation of character requires a plaintiff to prove that the defendant made an untrue statement of fact about the plaintiff and the statement was intentionally or accidentally published to a third party. In this context, publication simply means that a third person heard or saw the untrue statement. It does not just mean appearance in newspapers, magazines, or books.
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2. The name for an oral defamatory statement is slander. A false statement that appears in a letter, magazine, book, photograph, movie, video, and the like is called libel. Most courts hold that defamatory statements in radio and television broadcasts are considered libel because of the permanency of the media.
3. The publication of an untrue statement of fact is not the same as the publication of an opinion. The publication of opinions is usually not actionable. «My lawyer is lousy» is an opinion. Since defamation is defined as an untrue statement of fact, truth is an absolute defense to a charge of defamation.
4. The law recognizes each person’s right to live his or her life without being subjected to unwarranted and undesired publicity. A violation of this right constitutes the tort of invasion of the right to privacy. Examples of this tort include reading someone else’s mail, wiretapping, and such. Publication to a third person is necessary. In contrast to defamation, the fact does not have to be untrue. Therefore, truth is not a defense to a charge of invasion of privacy. If the fact is public information, there is no claim to privacy. However, the fact that was once public (e. g., the commission of a crime) may become private after the passage of time. Placing someone in a «false light» constitutes an invasion of privacy. For example, sending an objectionable telegram to a third party and signing another’s name would place a purported sender in a false light in the eyes of the receiver. Falsely attributing beliefs or acts to another can also form a basis of a lawsuit.
5. In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the U. S. Supreme Court held that public officials cannot recover for defamation unless they can prove that the defendant acted with «actual malice». Actual malice means that the defendant made the false statement knowingly or with reckless disregard of its falsity. This requirement has since been extended to public figure plaintiffs such as movie stars, sports personalities, and other celebrities.
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2.Read the text above again, answer the following questions. Give full answers.
1. How can a person’s reputation be protected?
2. If a plaintiff sues somebody for defamation of character, what must he prove?
3. What does «publication of an untrue statement» mean in this case?
4. What is the name for an oral defamatory statement?
5. What is libel?
6. What examples of invasion of the right to privacy are given in the text?
7. Why is the truth not a defense to a charge of invasion of privacy?
8. In what cases can public officials recover for defamation?
9.What does actual malice mean?
10.What are public figures?
Translate in writing Part 4.
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