Contracts and their performance
A Contract is a business agreement on work to be done, sales to be paid, goods to be sold or bought. It is also a document embodying such an agreement.
Contracts are concluded either between companies in one and the same country, or internationally, i.e. between organizations of different countries. Every international contract has several standard parts, which are obligatory. Most frequently these necessary parts of the contract include the following:
· legal addresses of the contracting parties,
· the subject matter of the contract, i.e., what this business agreement is about; usually this also includes the total amount of money involved and denomination of goods bought or sold under the provision of this contract (or the type of service agreed upon),
· a more detailed description of goods: their price, quality and quantity, packing and marking, etc.,
· the terms of delivery (the most usual ones being P.O.В., F.O.R., C.I.F., C.& F„ F.I.O.S., F.I.O., and others),
· the length of duration of the contract, i.e. over what span of time the obligations arising out of it are valid,
· the terms and procedures of payment, banking details,
· arbitration,
· claims and their settlement,
· guarantee period (if any),
· other conditions.
All contracts consist of clauses, which are numbered, and sometimes of subclauses, and even of sub-subclauses as well. In the negotiations or correspondence one can refer to the specific clause and subclause, e.g. "according to clause 7.5. of the contract number...", or "as specified by clause 5.4.3. of the present contract...".
Business English
Text 5
The global warming issue
Since the early 1970s, Earth's average surface air temperature has increased rapidly - more rapidly than at any time in the recorded history. In itself, a change in the Earth's climate is nothing new. Throughout the planet's history, warm periods have alternated with ice ages, spans of tens of thousands of years during which large areas of Earth were covered by glaciers.
In the past, global climatic changes have been the result of changes in geological and biological processes, cloud cover, ocean currents, and even the amount of radiation the sun produces. These factors continue to affect the Earth. But many scientists believe that the current warming is the result of human activities that produce carbon dioxide and other so- called greenhouse gases that accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heat from the sun. These scientists believe that warming from the continued accumulation of greenhouse gases may cause serious environmental, social, and economic problems for people around the world.
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Science year
Text 6.
Twin Towers to be bulldozed
The Twin Towers of Wembley, the centerpiece of the home of football and perhaps the most famous landmark in the sporting world, are to be demolished to make way for the new 80,000-seat National Stadium.
The Sunday Telegraph can reveal that architects working on the redevelopment of the historic stadium have concluded that the towers cannot be preserved in their futuristic designs.
The news will shock traditionalists and will come as a bitter blow to England's bid to stage the 2006 World Cup. The towers, synonymous with the nation's greatest ever sporting triumph in 1966, form the cornerstone of the England 2006 campaign. The official campaign brochure states: "From the dazzling white towers to its hallowed, luscious turf, no football venue in the world stirs the emotions quite so keenly as Wembley".
English Heritage, the Government agency charged with protecting national monuments, have already been informed that the towers, a Grade II listed building, will have to go to accommodate the new £146 million stadium.
Rules laid down in the Taylor Report concerning crowd safety have left no room for maneuver and, though the original plan was to incorporate the Twin Towers in the new design, it has now been accepted that to keep them would be unfeasible.
Wembley is due to be closed next summer so re-building can commence but, because of space limitation, the only way a new venue of the required size can be accommodated is to flatten the present site.
The proximity of a railway line also limits the options and the only solution open to designers is to reposition the new stadium. However, this would place the Twin Towers in the middle of the pitch.
A condition of the grant from the Sports Council, via the National Lottery, is that the capacity for the new stadium must not be less than 80,000 and that an athletics track must be incorporated. The only way that can be achieved is by moving the arena north to its present site.
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Sir Jocelyn Stevens, the chairman of English Heritage, has been informed that the 126 ft high Twin Towers, which have looked down to FA Cup finals since 1923 and which became internationally famous when Bobby Moore lifted the World Cup in 1966, serve no useful purpose.
The Sunday Telegraph
Text 7.
Закон України "Про столицю України - місто-герой Київ"
Цей Закон визначає спеціальний статус міста Києва як столиці України, особливості здійснення виконавчої влади та місцевого самоврядування у місті відповідно до Конституції України (254к/ 96-ВР) та законів України.
Розділ І. ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ
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