BASIC LINGUISTIC TERMS USED IN UNIT 8
| communicative (cultural) competence | комунікативна (культурна) компетенція мовця |
| gender (sex) bias in speech | гендерна (статева) спрямованість (opiєнтація, "упередженість") висловлювань |
| gender markers in speech | гендерні (статеві маркери (показники) мови |
| "powerful" (male) language | "сильна" (чоловіча) мова |
| "powerless" (female) language | "слабка" (жіноча) мова |
UNIT 9
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF TEXTS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
Main points:
9.1 Pragmatics as one of the "pillars" of modern linguistics
9.2 Communicative (pragmatic) approach to text
9.3 Examples of pragmatic text analysis
9.4 Practical application of the communicative (pragmatic) approach to translation
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9.1. Pragmatics as one the "pillars" of modern linguistics
Pragmatics was one of the most disputable and desperately criticized aspects of linguistic science in the late 1960-s - early 1970-s in tin- same way as cybernetics (computer science) was in the 50-s.
Pragmatics (pragmalinguistics or communicative linguistics) (pragma in Greek means "cause", "action") roots back to the American philosophical teaching of pragmatism of the late XlXth - early XXth century (W.James, J.Dewey, Ch.Pierce), European linguistic philosophy of the first half of the XXth century (J. Austin, R. Carnap, B.Russel. L.Wittgenstein) and semiotics (science about signs) of the40-s and 50-s (AGreimas, G. Frege, Ch. Morris). Volumes have been written on the philosophical and linguistic aspects of pragmatics and "speech act theory" by scholars of practically all major countries of the world, including those of the former Soviet Union. For deeper insight into the problem one has to refer to the numerous publications available in Ukraine [see, e.g.: Иванова, Бурлакова, Почепцов 1981; Лукашук, Максимов 1987; Новое в зарубежной лингвистике 1985; Новое в зарубежной лингвистике 1986; Сусов 1983; Leech 1983; Levinson 1983; Mey 1979, etc.].
The general assumption of the modern linguistics is that language and speech(i.e. the "system of signs" and its "communicative application") rest upon three "pillars": syntactics (relationships between language signs); semantics(relationships between the sign, its meaning and its referent) and pragmatics (relationships between signs and their users) [see: Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь 1990:441 ]. In more simple terms, we may assume that syntactics is the science about the interrelationships within the "physical matter" of languages, semantics is the science about the meaning of the "physical matter" and pragmatics is the science of application of this "physical matter" by people with certain purposes in speech.
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Communicative (pragmatic) approach to texts
Early works on pragmatics and speech act theory [ J. Austin 1962; J.Searle 1969, 1976 and many more] applied the idea of "pragmatic component" or "communicative intention" to the level of an utterance. However, with the development of text linguistics in 1980-90-s, scholars began to look at complete texts as at language signs which have markers of an overall communicative intention of the author (authors). And again in the last decades of the century volumes were written on this subject [see, e.g.: Дейк 1989; Максимов 1983, 1989; Почепцов 1980; Юганов 1981, 1982; Dijk 1977, 1981, etc.].
Most authors assume that for the sake of analysis every text may be represented as a sign that has its communicative macro proposition or "CMP" ("communicative nucleus" or "centre") which is composed of the pragmatic component of the text and its compressed proposition (i.e. the contents of the text or "what the text is about").
The pragmatic component of the text has three main elements:
1. singular or collective author ("I" or "we");
2. singular or collective addressee ("you");
3. illocutionary verb V illoc which indicates the communicative intention of the author (the term "illocutionary" means "the one which shows the purpose of the text"; or "the aim of the author"; examples of such verbs are: agree, announce, undertake, promise, guarantee, congratulate, ask, warn, inform, confirm, pronounce, declare, thank, insist, etc. ).
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Compressed proposition comes after the pragmatic component and represents the compressed meaning of the text (its compressed "topic").
Another important notion of pragmatic texts analysis is the category of deixis. Deixis is expressed through deictic markers, which are words and grammar patterns of any language indicating the participants (persons involved in the act of communication), the space and the time of the act of human communication [ see, e.g.: Максимов 1989; Падучева. Крылов 1984; Степанов 1985; Halliday 1978; Lyons 1977 ,etc.]. These are words like I, you, he, she, it, we, they, my, his, her, our, their, this, that, the (in the meaning "this", "my"), here, there, eveiywhere, upstairs, in London, in the street, today, yesterday, in 1998, last century, was found shot dead, was facing, had been beautiful, i.e. practicallyall words and grammar patterns, which indicate the person, the space and the time of the action.
It is also generally recognized by the scholars [see Степанов 1985: 220- 236] that every text (act of communication) has three "deictic axes" by which information is transmitted from the author to the addressee:
a) the "I - here - now" axis; b) the "you -around you - now" axis: c) the "he (she, they) - there - then" axis.
Therefore, the communicative macro proposition of the text (CMP) may be represented by the following scheme:
CMP
PRAGM PROPOSITION
NP VP NP VP
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I/we now Villoc to you that X V(Y) in the
in the space time T, in the
of I/we space S
where PRAGMis the pragmatic (communicative, intentional) component of the text, PROPOSITION is the compressed contents of the text, NP- a "noun phrase", VP - a "verb phrase", Villoc - illocutionary verb. X, Y, V are elements of the proposition, i.e. "WHO" (X) "DOES/DID WHAT" (V) "TO WHOM" (Y).
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