BASIC LINGUISTIC TERMS USED IN UNIT 10
| transformations in translation | перекладацькі трансформації |
| transposition | транспозиція, перестановка |
| grammatical replacement | граматична заміна |
| addition | додавання |
| omission | випущення |
| generalization of meanings | узагальнення (генералізація) понять |
| differentiation of meanings | диференціація понять |
| concretization (substantiation) of meanings | конкретизація понять |
| logical (sense) development | логічний (змістовий) розвиток |
| antonymous translation | антонімічний переклад |
| full rearrangement | цілісне перетворення |
| compensation for losses in the course of translation | компенсація втрат при перекладі |
ANNEX 1
THE SCHEME OF TRANSLATOR'S TEXT ANALYSIS
1. Communicative and pragmatic characteristics of the text and their importance for translation:
1) Deictic parameters of the text: who, to whom, where and with what aim transmits textual information, identification of the communicative intention (communicative macro proposition) of the text;
2) Non-verbal means of influencing the addressee used in the text (pictures, photographs, schemes, formulas, etc.)
2. Structural and semantic characteristics of the text and their importance for translation:
1) Means of ensuring lexical and semantic cohesion: repetition links used in the text (simple and complex lexical repetition, simple and complex paraphrase, co-reference, substitution, etc.); means of grammatical cohesion used in the text (sequence of tenses, the use of articles, compound and complex sentences, etc.).
2) Establishing the "semantic nucleus" of the text, which is composed of the "central" sentences.
3) Establishing the proposition of the text (i.e. what is reported by the author of the text).
3. Stylistic characteristics of the text and their importancefor translation:
1) Establishing the functional style to which the given text belongs.
2) Determining the corresponding stylistic peculiarities of the text (the use of stylistic devices and expressive means of the language, performative verbs, idioms, subject field terms, quotations, asyndetic combinations of nouns, abbreviations, acronyms, proper names, numerals, slang and jargon, etc.).
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4. Transformations and other techniques of translation:
1) Grammatical, lexical and semantic transformations used in translation (grammatical transposition and replacement, addition, omission. generalization, differentiation and concretization of meanings, logical (sense) development, antonymous translation, full rearrangement, compensation for losses);
2) Ways of rendering proper names, internationalisms, words of the national lexicon, subject filed terms, neologisms, slang and jargon (application of practical transcription, transliteration, loan translations, translation by means of analogies, descriptive translation, etc.)
3) Ways of rendering idioms in translation (the use of absolute and near equivalents, analogies, descriptive translation).
4) Identification of gender markers used in the text and selection of methods of their rendering in translation.
ANNEX 2
ADDITIONAL TEXTS FOR ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION
Suggest your analysis of the following texts and translate them. Provide argumentation for the variants of translation you have chosen:
Text 1.
Council of Europe
Parliamentary Assembly
Doc. 8272
2 December 1998
Honouring of obligations and commitments by Ukraine
Report
Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe
Rapporteurs: Mr Tunne Kelam, Estonia, Group of the European People's Party
and
Mrs Hanne Severinsen, Denmark, Liberal, Democratic and Reformers' Group
Draft resolution
1. The Assembly notes that, since its accession to the Council of Europe on 9 November 1995, Ukraine has honoured part of its obligations and commitments as a member state, as they appear in Opinion No. 190 (1995). However, it is deeply concerned by the slow pace at which the state is fulfilling its remaining obligations and commitments.
2. The Assembly recognises that:
1) Ukraine has achieved settlement of international disputes by peaceful means and has avoided large-scale social unrest or civil war;
2) a new Constitution was adopted within one year of accession;
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3) Ukraine has become a party to several conventions of the Council of Europe, in particular the European Convention on Unman Rights and its Protocols 1, 2, 4, 7 and 11, the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter of Local Self-Government.
3. However, in the light of the report of its Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member Sates, the Assembly deplores that, in the transitional phase between a totalitarian and democratic state, Ukraine has not achieved a clear separation between the judicial, legislative and executive powers. There is continuing control by the executive and a determination to seek and hold political power, sometimes illegally, which may unduly influence the next presidential elections, which are to take place in October 1999.
4. Many steps still have to be taken by the Ukrainian authorities to ensure the rule of law, as illustrated by non-implementation of decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, the rise in corruption, criminality and the hiring of military personnel of the Ministry of the Interior for private purposes.
(...)
11. State media should develop a neutral and independent editorial line and, were any legal action launched against opposition media, it should follow strict procedures, without forcing media that are under investigation to close.
12. The election appeals process should be simplified and deadlines should be established and respected for bringing and resolving complaints.
13. The Crimean Tartars with permanent residence in Crimea should be granted the right to vote before the presidential election in October 1999.
14. The Assembly stresses once more the importance of the de facto moratorium on executions and firmly declares that if any further executions take place, the credentials of the Ukrainian parliamentary delegation shall be annulled at the following part-session of the Assembly, in accordance with Rule 6 of its Rules of Procedure.
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(...)
17. The Assembly decides to transmit this resolution to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the OSCE, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, and invites them to take its provisions into account in their cooperation with Ukraine, in order to help the country to overcome the above-mentioned problems.
Text 2.
Council of Europe
Parliamentary Assembly
Doc. 8566
4 October 1999
"Propiska" system applied to migrants and refugees in the CIS
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