BASIC LINGUISTIC TERMS USED IN UNIT 5
| subject field terms | терміни певної предметної галузі |
| foot-notes | виноски |
| cross-references | посилання |
| esoteric | езотеричний, відомий лише обмеженому колу oci6 |
| translation loan | перекладацька калька |
| аcronym | акронім |
UNIT 6
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF NОN-FICTIONAL TEXTS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION: TEXTS OFTHE PUBLICISTIC STYLE
Main points:
6.1.General features of the publicistic style
6.2 Expressive means and stylistic devices used in the persuasive texts ot the publicistic style
6.3 "Special vocabularies” used in the persuasive texts of the publicistic style
6.4 An example of text analysis
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General features of the publicistic style
The publicistic style of language started to be recognized as a separate style of language in the middle of the 18-th century. The term "publicistic style", though it is not recorded in the most dictionaries of English, was used by I.R.Galperin [1977: 287 ]; the existence of this style has also been recognized by I.V.Arnold [Арнольд 1981:245] and M.N.Kozhina [Кожина 1977:179], who distinguished several sub-styles in it:
1. The oratorical style (speeches on political, social and other public matters); .
2. The style of TV and radio commentaries;
3. The style of the essay (a series of personal and witty comments on the problem);
4. The style of a journalistic article (or book): political, historical, literary, academic, travel, satirical, etc. (depending upon the type of the publication).
However today, with the rapid development of the print-press and electronic mass media, certain corrections in viewing the publicistic style seem to be appropriate. Thus we suggest to include "the newspaper style" (i.e. the style of the print-press) into the publicistic style as a certain sub- style alongside with the language of the electronic media (radio, television and modern informational technologies). According to this approach the publicistic style of language may be subdivided into:
1.Thelanguage of the mass-media with the following sub-styles: the language of newspapers, magazines, radio and television (news items; headlines, editorials, journalistic articles, essays; radio and TV commentaries, talk-shows, radio and TV programmes produced by individual authors; advertisements and announcements);
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2. The language of political and other kinds of public speeches;
3.The publicistic section of the language of the informational technologies, such as the worldwide web (the Internet);
It is clearly seen from this picture that the publicistic style consists of texts (written, oral and those in the electronic form), which have different communicative aims and may be roughly subdivided into informative and persuasive. Thus, mass media news items are largely informative; editorials, journalistic articles, essays, radio and TV commentaries, talk-shows, radio and TV programmes produced by individual authors, political and public speeches соmbine informative function with a persuasive one, which dominates; similarly advertisements and announcements combine two communicative aims: to inform about events, goods and services and to urge (to persuade) the addressee to take part in the events or to buy goods and services. These communicative features of the publicistic texts determine their linguistic characteristics and, correspondingly, result in different approaches to their translation.
Informative texts of the publicistic style describe the facts of the real world and belong to artefacts. Therefore methods of their analysis and translation are the same as those applied to texts of the official, technical and scientific styles of the language. These texts do not contain stylistic devices and expressive means, neither there are any artistic images in them. The main task of a translator in dealing with such texts is to render information transmitted by such texts as directly and unambiguously as possible applying transformations to rendering proper names, neologisms, subject-matter terms, non-equivalent lexical units of the national lexicon, syntactical constructions and grammar patterns.
Persuasive texts of the publicistic style are aimed at influencing the reader (or listener) by convincing him/her that the interpretation given by the author is the only correct one. This is achieved not only through logical argumentation (and not by the use of "binding" words as it is in the style of official documents) but also through emotional appeal. That is why the whole variety of expressive means (EM) and stylistic devices (SD) is used in these texts, which puts them closer to fiction. In fact, persuasive texts of the publicistic style rest between the artefact and mentafact texts (i.e. in the"grey zone") and may be viewed as a transitional point between the two. However persuasive texts of the publicistic style still describe the real world (though with a lot of the author's approaches, interpretations and evaluations), while belles-lettres texts (even if they are based on some real life experience of the author) describe purely fictional (i.e. imaginary, unreal, "mental") world, and this is the reason for calling them "mentafacts". Therefore, principles of analysis and translation of persuasive publicistic texts technically are the same as principles of analysis and translation of fictional texts, though translation of fiction by all means requires certain artistic talent (best translators of fiction, as a rule, are themselves writers of fiction or poets).
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Contemporary informational technologies, which started to boom during the last decade, are viewed as the media of the next millennium coming to replace traditional media. Thus electronic texts of the Internet, similarly to print-press, radio and television, may be of a binding (compendiums of laws in electronic form), informative (Internet news, scientific and technical staff), persuasive (commentaries, advertisements), fictional (various entertainment programmes) and colloquial (Internet "chats", "forums", "letters", etc.) nature. In general the language of the Internet is characterized by a great amount of constantly emerging neologisms (e.g., chat, browser, to click, e-banking, e-commer,e, emoticon, hacker, hyperlink, hypertext, multimedia, web-site, чат, портал, смайли, etc.), new formats of presenting information such as combination of textual and graphic material with motion pictures, abbreviations and acronyms (e.g., AFAIK - as far as I know, IMO - in my opinion, TIA - thanks in advance), emoticons which, in-fact, are pictograms. Below we will discuss expressive means, stylistic devices and special vocabularies used in the persuasive texts of the publicistic style, because it is these linguistic devices that bring publicistic texts closer to fiction and present most of the difficulties for translation.
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6.2. Expressive means and stylistic devices used in the persuasive texts of the publicistic style
Expressive means (EM) of a language are phonetic, morphological, lexical, idiomatic and syntactical forms used for emotional intensification of the message, like alliteration (Edgar Рое wrote: "Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering"), the use of diminutive suffixes (aunty, chubby, piglet, книжечка, хатинка, дівчисъко), the use of words with emotional meaning, slang, vulgar, archaic words, barbarisms, acronyms, idioms, etc.
Stylistic devices(SD) are intentional intensifications of some typical structural or semantic properties of language units (metaphor, metonymy, irony, zeugma, pun, similе, periphrasis, euphemism, etc.).
Among numerous lexical SDs the following should be carefully addressed by a translator:
1.Metaphor (simultaneous implementation of two meanings of a lexical unit), e.g.: beams that streamed through the open window; floods of tears; a storm of indignation; the apple of the eye; a leg of the table; час плине; вода біжитъ.
2.Metonymy (specific relationship between the dictionary and contextual meanings of a lexical unit), e.g.: the Crown (The Queen); сup (a drink); hand (a worker); cars full of moustaches (men); борода (чоловік з бородою); Кремль (російський уряд); Банкова (секретаріат Президента України, що походить від назви відповідної вулиці у Київі), etc.
3. Irony, e.g.: It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket.
4. Zeugma (similar syntactic but different semantic relationships between words), e.g.: She plunged into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room; Bin пив чай з цукром та із своею дружиною.
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5. Pun ("the play of words"), e.g.: Body of evidence - the name of the book and the film about the murder ("the dead body") and criminal investigation ("body of legal evidence of the crime" - "корпус або сукупність доказів". This pun was translated into Ukrainian as "Тіло як доказ".
6. Epithet (colourful attribute), e.g.: blue skies; heart-burning smile; true love of mine; the flowery gown; наша солов'хна мова; глихий кут.
7.Oxymoron(controversial comparisons), e.g.: a low skyscraper; sweet sorrow; a horribly beautiful girl; deafening silence; terribly good; оптимістична трагедия; живий труп.
8. Simile(comparison), e.g.: as sly as a fox; to work like a horse; to sleep like a log; to be blind as a bat; впертий як баран.
9. Peculiar use of idioms (set expressions, quotations, etc.), e.g.: The waters will remain sufficiently troubled for somebody's fishing to be profitable, which is a periphrasis of a set expression It is good fishing in troubled waters.
6.3. "Special vocabularies" used in the publicistic style
Translators, have to consider "special vocabularies used in the texts of the publicistic style, which are as follows:
Special literary vocabulary:
1.Terms(political, economic, legal, technical, academic, etc.), e.g.: deregulation (дерегуляція у політичній cфepi), delegation оf powers (делегування повноважень), benchmark (показчик, еконо.шчна база для nopiвняння, "маяк")-, authentic text (автентичний текст), High Contracting Parties (Високі doговірні стороні), software (прграмне забезпечення), perlocution (перлокущя, тобто вплив мовленневого акту на слухача), web-site (сторінка Ітернету, веб-сайт), пневмонія, стільниковий звя'зок, etc.
2. Poetic and highly literary words, e.g.: proceed (to go), vale (valley), devouring element (fire), співоче поле.
3.Obsolete words, e.g.: thou (singular for you), yeoman, aforesaid, above - mentioned, hereby, hereinafter, стрілець, отаман, майдан, тулумбас.
4. Barbarisms(foreign words or phrases, sometimes perverted), e.g.: chic (шик), bon-mot (крилаті фрази), chicken Kiev (курча "по-київськi"), en passant (між іншим), delicatessen (відділ у супермаркеті, де продаютъ готову до споживання їжу або делікатеси), matador (матадор), prokuratura (прокуратура), rapporteur (доповідач у мiжнapoднiй організіції), гелікоптер, мародер, софт (програмне забезпечення комп'ютерів).
5. Neologisms e.g.: take-away (продаж їжі "на винос"), high-rise (багатоповерховий будинок), hang-glider (дельтаплан), palmcorder (портативна вiдеокамера), smartphone (пристрій, який поєднує якоcтi комп'ютера та мобільного телефону; інтелектуальний телефон); wrist phone (телефон у вигляді годинника), cellular phone (мобільний, стільниковий телефон), мобільник, резонансна справа. супутникова тарілка.
6. Nonce-words, acronyms, "charade-words", e.g. mother-in-lawed, not-thereness, 1998-ish, PTO (please turn over), B&B (bed and breakfast), ALA (all letters answered), SAЕ: (stamped and addressed envelope), R.U.O.K. ? (are you O.K. ?), you are my favour8-s, it's up 2U, all services are provided while-U-wait , X-treme, X-mas.
Special colloquial vocabulary:
1. Slang (language which is used by a specific community, professional or age group and not obligatory understood nation-wide), e.g. pot: (марихуана), groovy (гарний, кайфовый), cool (крутий, дуже гарный), chick (краля, вродлива дівчина), dough, bread (гроші), капуста, зелень (вільно конвертована валюта), вертушка (вертоліт). In fact, there are many categories of slang (military, criminal, teenager, computer fans' slang or that of musicians, actors, etc.), which is pretty difficult to record in dictionaries due to its high degree of mobility, though such attempts are being made from time to time [see, e.g., Быков 1994, Thorne 1996].
2. Jargon ("low style" talk which is very close to slang but is usually understood nation-wide), e.g.: loaf (head), high fliers (talented people subject to promotion), сидушка (сидіння у автомобілі).
3. Professional words (or professional jargon - words used and understood onlywithin a professional group of people or by those who consider themselves as belonging to that group (e.g., sport fans), e.g.: outer (a knock-out kick in boxing), lefty (left forward in football), to have something in the pipe-line (to have projects ready to be implemented), portfolio investor (investor who invests into multiple projects), білка (біла гарячка), гірчичник (жовта картка футбольного cyддi).
4. Dialectal, vulgar and obscene words, e.g.: daft (Scottish - stupid),’ tis a pleasure to 'year 'im (cockney: It is a pleasure to hear him), I am very 'appy to be 'ere (French Canadian: I am very happy to be here), bloody (клятый), goddam (проклятий, чортхв), Oh, shit! (останне часто перекладаеться як От 6icoвa душа!), тремпелъ (харківське: вішалка для сорочок), ровер (захщноукраїнське: велосипед), etc.
An example of text analysis
BATTLING BAKERS
In France's hot-blooded Mediterranean Midi, tempers can rise faster than yeast, especially where dough is concerned. Thus, when Albert Rodriguez, 38, a baker in the small town of La Ciotat, 14 miles south-east of Marseilles, undercut his competitors by selling his long crusty loaves for 1 franc each instead of the standard price 1,75 francs, he stirred up a full-fledged guerre de baguettes. Even as La Ciotat's inflation hurried housewives rushed to Rodriguez's shop, steaming competitors marched in angry protest and sought ways to ruin him.
Rodriguez's rivals were roasting because of a serious misjudgement when bread prices in France were decontrolled in 1978, for the first time in about 200 years, they took it as a licence to move prices upward. But Rodriguez, a feisty repatriate from the former colony of Algeria, thought such increases were not kneaded. Instead, he sliced bread prices sharply and, since the protests, has rubbed salt into his competitors' wounds by halving the cost for his pastries and croissants.
Now La Ciotat's bakers are red hot with rage. "It is the beginning of the end for all boulangers", warns one baker's wife, whose husband was too demoralized even to discuss the matter. Says Rodriguez: "If the others don't want to follow, then they are cooked". - Or baked.
Newsweek
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