Ex. 3. Match the English terms in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. dual gauge | a) на протяжении 19-го века |
| 2. throughout the 19th century | b) участок дороги |
| 3. arguments in favor of … | c) двойная колея |
| 4. the price of railroad stocks | d) руководство |
| 5. authorities | e) соседние страны |
| 6. neighboring countries | f) цена акций железной дороги |
| 7. stretch of the track | g) доводы в пользу … |
Ex.4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. A dual-gauge railway has railway track that allows trains of different gauges to use the same track.
2. We are open every weekend throughout the year.
3. I asked the students to give me their best arguments in favor of learning foreign languages, and these are the results.
4. Regardless (независимо) of how railroads perform in the short-term, railroad stocks are great for long-term investment.
5. Railroad authorities are now offering a reward for information leading to an arrest of a person who has damaged the track switch.
6. Considerable concern focused on the effect the hurricane would have on neighboring countries.
7. The accidents (with elephants) usually occur over a distance of 20 km on the Kerala stretch of the track up to Walayar. Elephants that see trains approaching them while on this stretch cannot return to the forest, and are forced to run along the track itself, with disastrous consequences.
8. Generally, a dual-gauge railway consists of three rails, rather than the standard two rails.
9. Stories of love and adventure were popular throughout the Middle Ages.
10. Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi had argued in parliament in favor of a constitutional reform government.
11. Railroad stocks are closely tied to the overall economy. During the financial crisis they suffered considerable drops in revenue (доход).
Ex. 5. Copy and memorize the following wordsand phrases.
ü measurement - измерение; единица измерения
ü to inherit - наследовать; унаследовать; быть, стать наследником
ü lack - недостаток, отсутствие
ü compatible - совместимый; сочетаемый
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. There are two main sources of measurement error which reduce reliability.
2. Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 give a good overview of the measurement techniques available today.
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3. She had her father’s pale blue eyes but her long black hair and honey complexion had been inherited from her mother.
4. Communications difficulties caused a complete lack of coordination of efforts.
5. The bi-monthly scholarly journal, founded in Los Angeles in 1973, suspended (приостановил) publication in 1978 due to lack of funds.
6. Unfortunately he bought a printer that was not compatible with his computer.
Ex.6.Translate the sentences paying attention to the construction under+noun.
1. I wish I’d met him under different circumstances.
2. The system operates well under normal conditions.
3. Under the terms of the agreement, the debt will be repaid over a 20-year period.
4. By daylight the fire was almost under control.
5. I’m glad to see that you have everything under control.
6. The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.
7. Four new power stations are currently under construction.
8. Some of the changes under discussion had already been implemented elsewhere.
9. The operation was carried out while she was under general anesthetics.
10. If you have comment on the project currently under consideration, you may transmit those comments to administration by sending a message to the following e-mail address…
Ex. 7. Read the text and translate it into Russian, using a dictionary if necessary.
GAUGES
The gauge of track is the distance between the inner edges of the rails at points 1.590 mm below the top of the heads. In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, and much of continental Europe, the standard gauge is 1435 mm. Why this measurement became the standard is a matter of speculation*. Probably the tradition is inherited from early tramroads built to accommodate wagons with axles 1.500 mm long.
Throughout most of the 19th century many railroad companies each built track with a different gauge; some gauges were wider than 1435 mm and some narrower. About 1870 many railroads began to adopt a narrower gauge, usually 900 mm. The arguments in favor of this gauge were that lighter rails could be used, and a sharper curvature of the tracks was permissible. In 1871, 1,476 km of narrow-gauge track was under construction in the USA.
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After the so-called railroad panic of 1873, in which the price of railroad stocks fell sharply, railroad construction of all sorts slowed down. Some authorities maintain that the panic accelerated the use of narrow-gauge tracks in the construction that did take place because it was more economical. Freight shipped over long distances, however, had to be transported from one freight car to another whenever it reached a junction where the rail gauge changed. The excessive cost of handling at junctions between different roads led to the adoption of the standard gauge by almost all U.S. railroads by about 1886.
Several countries use standard gauge for their railroads, but many use wider or narrower gauges. The lack of standardized rail gauge creates problems for international passengers wishing to travel through several countries. If the tracks of neighboring countries are incompatible, passengers have to change trains at border crossings before continuing on their journey.
During the early days of rail, there was considerable variation in the gauge used by different systems. Today, 60% of the world’s railways use a gauge of 1,435 mm, known as standard or international gauge. Gauges wider than standard gauge are called broad gauge; narrower, narrow gauge. Some stretches of track are dual gauge, with three or four parallel rails in place of the usual two, to allow trains of two different gauges to use the same track.
Gauge can safely vary over a range. For example, U.S. federal safety standards allow standard gauge to vary from 1,422 mm to 1,460 mm for operation up to 96.6 km/h.
Note: *a matter of speculation – спорный вопрос.
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