Ex. 3. Match the English terms in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. annually | a) логическое следствие |
| 2. natural consequence | b) электрический ток |
| 3. thermal expansion | c) термитная сварка |
| 4. electric current | d) ежегодно |
| 5. thermit welding | e) соседний (смежный) путь |
| 6. adjacent track | f) тепловое расширение |
Ex. 4.Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
1. Newton knew that the force that caused the apple’s acceleration (gravity) must be dependent upon the mass of the apple.
2. Universal Welding and Fabrication (UWF) is a Melbourne based welding and steel fabrication company providing a wide range of welding services including site welding.
3. Annual or yearly is a word often used to describe something that happens once a year.
4. It is clear that transport costs can have important consequences on the country’s economic development.
5. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a
6. When measuring the expansion of a liquid, the measurement must account for the expansion of the container as well.
7. The passage of electric current created huge magnetic forces which constricted (to constrict - сжимать) the tube.
8. A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite.
9. A special regulation establishes minimum clearances (≈ distances) at which bridges, structures, and other obstructions may be constructed or placed over or adjacent to railroad tracks. It also prescribes the minimum spacing between adjacent railroad tracks.
10. Our farm land was adjacent to the river.
11. Arc (электродуговая) welding is a method of joining two pieces of metal together by heating them with a special tool.
12. We bring our welding expertise to you; we are able to weld on-site using many welding techniques.
Ex. 5.Choose the right alternative and translate the sentences.
1. He was thrown backwards by the ___ of the explosion.
a) measure b) force c) weight
2. ___ the pan before you pour the batter in.
a) load b) estimate c) grease
3. Our total ___ budget is about £1,000.
a) annual b) local c) electrical
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4. Ignoring safety procedures can have potentially tragic ___.
a) consequences b) forces c) results
5. The coefficient of thermal___ describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
a) increase b) decrease c) expansion
6. An electric___ is a flow of electricity through a wire or circuit.
a) length b) current c) gauge
7. Near absolute zero, however, molecules have much less ___ energy.
a) heat b) cool c) thermal
8. The study was empty; the light came from the ___ room.
a) adjacent b) next c) following
9. Thermit___is a welding process for joining two electrical conductors that employs superheated copper alloy to permanently join the conductors.
a) welding b) joining c) laying
10. Companies report to their shareholders ___.
a) continuously b) annually c) mainly
Ex. 6. Translate the sentences; put special questions to the underlined words.
1. The force of the explosion blew out all the windows.
2. In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in shape.
3. Grease is a thick, oily substance which is put on the moving parts of cars and other machines in order to make them work smoothly.
4. The electronic and printing unit has annual sales of about $80 million.
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5. The exhibition is held annually.
6. If river levels continue to rise, it will have very serious consequences for many people’s homes.
7. When hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a fuel cell, an electrochemical reaction generates an electriccurrent.
8. High-temperature electrolysis uses a large amount of electrical and thermal energy.
9. Fields adjacent to the nuclear facility were found to have high levels of radioactivity.
10. If you are buying a house or land adjacent to the railway, we have general information that you may find useful.
Ex. 7. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.
CONTINUOUS WELDED TRACK
Continuous welded track was developed in response to the observation that the bulk of track maintenance work takes place at the joints. It is worth mentioning that jointed track has suffered from buckling in the past; the fishplates need to be removed and greased annually (the requirement was relaxed to bi-annually in 1993).
Where this was forgotten or where ballast conditions were especially weak, buckling took place in hot weather.
As steel production and manufacturing processes improved, the rail lengths installed were progressively increased, and the natural consequence of this would be to eliminate the joints altogether.
A major obstacle to doing so is thermal expansion: the rails expand in higher temperatures. Without joints, there is no room for the rails to expand; as the rails get warmer they will develop an enormous force in trying to expand.
The CWR is installed and fastened down at an optimum temperature, to ensure that the highest possible expansive force is limited. In the UK this temperature is 27 C°.
The CWR rails are made by welding ordinary rails together. For many years rails could only be made in lengths of up to 60 ft (18 288mm) in Britain, and the factory welding process made them into 600, 900 or 1200 ft lengths, depending on the factory. The process used was a flash-butt process in which high electric currents are used to soften the rail end, and the ends are then forced together. The flash-butt process is very reliable, providing that the factory ensured good geometry of the rail ends.
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The long rails could be conveyed to site by special trains.
The long rails had to be welded together (or to adjacent track) using a site welding process, and after initial experimentation the proprietary thermit welding process was used.
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