Ex.6. Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The Agency’s budget (not to allow for - Past Simple Active) such a massive increase.
How many pictures (to join - Present Simple Passive) to make this animation?
3. The boxes (to make - Past Simple Passive) of heavy panels of metal bolted together.
4. A mainline railway train (to derail - Past Simple Passive) by the car.
5. Forty-five people were injured when a passenger train (to derail - Past Simple Active) near Ottumwa, Iowa.
6. A hole (to be - Present Simple Active) a hollow space in something solid, with an opening on one side.
7. I (to get - Past Simple Active) interested in wrestling because of Denny.
8. They (not to play - Present Continuous Active) baseball today because of the rain.
9. I still (to find - Present Perfect Active) a suitable job.
10. Plants of this type (to be - Past Simple Active) suitable for use in an aquarium.
11. The software (to filter out - Present Simple Active) Internet sites whose content is not suitable for children.
12. Heavy traffic (to cause - Present Continuous Active) delays on the freeway.
13. The bolts holding the wheel in place (to shear off - Past Simple Active).
Ex. 7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words with the prefix mis-.
1. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.
2. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.
3. Students have a tendency to misbehave themselves at exam time.
4. In your case the rules have been misapplied.
5. He was fired for serious misconduct.
6. Roy's heart condition was originally misdiagnosed as pneumonia.
7. Our mail was misdirected to the wrong street.
8. Some of the goods had been mishandled and damaged.
9. Don’t be misled into thinking that scientific research is easy.
10. It can't really cost £20 - it must be a misprint.
11. Rachel, you must have misunderstood her! Ellie would never say something like that.
12. Measures must be taken to prevent confidential data from being misused.
13. Their business manager misspent millions of the company's money.
14. The equipment could be dangerous if mishandled.
15. I thought he said he was coming today, but I must have misheard.
16. They were deliberately misinformed about their rights.
17. Some people are very mistrustful of computers.
Ex. 8. Before reading the text make sure you know the phrases below. You can look them up in a dictionary.
· perforated steel plates
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· likelihood of the rails misaligning
· to exacerbatе the seriousness
Ex. 8. Practice the reading of the following phrases:
higher speeds are required, rail lengths, continuous welded rail, perforated steel plates, 66 ft long, 39 or 78 feet long, or 23.8 m long, 600 mm long, 1.97 ft long, oppositely-oriented, the rails misaligning with each other, a "clickety-click" sound, ride quality, the Hither Green rail.
Ex. 9. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.
Text 1
JOINTED TRACK
Joining rails
Rails are produced in lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal fishplates, producing jointed track. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the rail lengths may be welded together to form continuous welded rail (CWR). To make jointed track lengths of rail are bolted together using perforated steel plates. In the UK the rail length is usually 20 m (66 ft) long; in North America it may be 39 or 78 feet (11.9 or 23.8 m) long. Perforated steel plates are known as fishplates (UK) or joint bars (USA).
Fishplates are usually 600 mm (1.97 ft) long. They are used in pairs on either side of the rail ends and bolted together (usually four, but sometimes six bolts per joint). The bolts may be oppositely-oriented so that in the event of a derailment, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the seriousness of the derailment. However, this technique is not applied universally: British practice is to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail. Small gaps are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. The holes through which the fishplate bolts pass are oval to allow for movement with expansion. Because of the small gaps left between the rails, when trains pass over jointed tracks they make a "clickety-click" sound.
Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of continuous welded rail and is less suitable for high speed trains. However, jointed track is still used in many countries on lower speed lines and sidings. Jointed track is widely used in poorer countries due to the lower construction costs and the simpler equipment required for its installation and maintenance.
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A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to the rail head breaking. This was the cause of the Hither Green rail crash in July 1967, which caused British Railways to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail.
Text 2
Ex. 10. Copy and memorize the following terms.
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