Ex. 9. Translate the words given in the box into English and fill in the blanks with the
appropriate word. Translate the sentences into Russian.
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1. Treating the Earth as ___ the scientists estimated the total distance and divided it into ten-millionths.
2. Metric System is the ___ of physical units based on a unit of length.
3. In the Middle Ages the basic ___ of weight was the grain, based on the weight of a wheat grain.
4. The troy pound was used as a measure of weight for ___.
5. Units of length were initially based on human ___ and the ___ of mass and volume on what people ate and drank.
6. The ale gallon differed from the standard wine gallon and was 282 ___.
7. A majority of countries adopted the … as a common system of weights and measures.
8. The earliest standard of length was the Saxon girth or gyrd which was ___ the length of an arm.
9. The standard yard was ___ 3 feet, each of 12 inches.
10. The units of length origins have not been properly recorded, which has ___ much dispute among historians.
Ex. 10. Choose the right word and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. A commodity/accommodation is something that is sold for money.
2. I phoned your office to confirm that this date is convenient/convenience.
3. Being able to pay bills over the Internet is a real convenient/convenience.
4. The decimal/binary numeral system is most widely used by modern civilizations.
5. A diagram represents things in only two dimensions/measures.
6. Geometry investigates objects and the spaces around them. In its simplest form, it deals with objects in two or three dimensions/figure, such as lines, circles, cubes, and spheres.
7. An inch/yard is an imperial unit of length, approximately equal to 2.54 centimeters.
8. The toy train is four inches long/length.
9. His personal riches were estimated/accounted at ₤368 million.
10. A measurement/measure is a result, usually expressed in numbers that you obtain by measuring something.
UNIT THREE WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL RAILS
Ex. 1. Copy and memorize the following terms.
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| cast-iron – чугун end of the rail – конец рельса heat treatment - теплообработка heavy train - тяжеловесный поезд to cool – охлаждать to harden - закаливать transverse crack - поперечная трещина wrought-iron – кованое железо to weigh -весить weight -вес to improve -улучшать, усовершенствовать |
Ex. 2. Translate the nouns into Russian and memorize their meaning.
Improvement, manufacture, advance, cooling, hardening, railroading, application, century, quality, quantity, development, commodity, structure, purpose, amount, alloy, property, improvement, occasion.
Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
1. Heat treatment is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical.
2. The heaviest trains in the world are freight trains hauling bulk commodities such as coal and iron ore. One distinguishes between regular operations, and occasional record breaking runs.
3. It would be ideal to have a material in which it was impossible to initiate cracks at all.
4. An additional small amount of manganese is added to make the steel easier to harden.
5. Thus mild steel structures, for instance, can generally put up with cracks at least a metre long without breaking.
6. Hundreds of office buildings and homes developed large cracks in walls and ceilings.
7. The number of lorries weighing over 10 tonnes unladen shot up by 230 percent.
8. What is your height and weight?
9. They also hope to renovate an old, cast-iron elevator at a cost of $ 300, 000.
10. Cast iron’s properties are changed by adding various alloying elements.
11. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content in cast iron are reduced to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 3.5% to 3%.
12. The use of cast iron for structural purposes began in the late 1770s, when Abraham Darby III built the Iron Bridge.
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13. Before the development of effective methods of steelmaking and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron (ковкое железo).
14. Cast iron, unlike wrought iron, is brittle and cannot be worked either hot or cold.
15. Transverse cracks often developed inside rails during use.
Ex.4. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.
1. Кованое железо is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content, in comparison to steel.
2. Чугун can break if struck with a hammer.
3. Теплообработка enables to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material.
4. The X-ray showed several трещины in the bone of her left leg.
5. Changes will be made if the situation не улучшаться.
6. She took the cake out of the oven and left it on the kitchen table to охлаждаться.
7. Steel закаливать by heating it to a very high temperature.
8. The new car body иметь вес 9.55 tonnes, and the unladen weight of the complete car proved to be 17.29 tonnes.
9. The investigation of the accident revealed that the cause was a поперечная трещина (a critical crack which lies perpendicular to the length of the rail) in the rail.
10. M62 was a Soviet built diesel locomotive for тяжеловесные поезда, exported to many Eastern Bloc countries as well as to Cuba, North Korea and Mongolia.
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