Ex. 4.Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Светодиодные лампы (LED lamps) имеют долгий срок службыи экономят электроэнергию.
2. Стрелочные переводы необходимы для успешной работы любой железнодорожной системы и должны быть очень надежными.
3. В зимних условиях снег и лед могут препятствовать (prevent) нормальной работе стрелочных переводов.
4. Куйбышевская железная дорога является одной из самых грузонапряженных дорог в сети.
5. Испытания показали, что стальные рельсы имеют хорошие эксплуатационные качества в условиях пустыни.
6. Вы знаете, что расходы на содержание вашего автомобиля являются слишком большими?
7. Предприятия малого бизнеса пострадали от мирового финансового кризиса.
8. Испытания доказали, что система работает успешно даже в неблагоприятныхпогодных условиях.
9. Некоторые из этих химических веществ разрушают окружающую среду.
10. Давайте ограничим нашу дискуссию только самыми важными фактами.
Ex. 5. Feel the difference between the words:
ü economy - ‘хозяйство, экономика , народное хозяйство
ü economics, Economics - экономика, народное хозяйство; экономическая наука
ü economic - экономический
ü economical - бережливый, расчётливый, экономичный, экономный
Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
1. Ireland was one of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe in the 1990s.
2. Unemployment is having a corrosive effect on our economy.
3. Buying a cheap computer is a false economy.
4. She was a supporter of the free market economy.
5. Long-term prospects for the economy have improved.
6. Economic growth is expected to average 2% next year.
7. Reducing inflation is an important part of the government’s economic policy.
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8. Small towns in India serve as economic and cultural centers for the surrounding villages.
9. The cracks in the government’s economic policy are already beginning to show.
10. What he is talking about is the elementary law of Economics.
11. Economic efficiency is one of the most important concepts used in Economics.
12. It is an economical car to run. –What does it mean? – It means that it does not use too much petrol or gas.
13. He was economical in all areas of his life.
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian, paying attention to the constructions to be of (great) importance, to be of (special) interest.
1. This battle was of great importance.
2. They suddenly became silent, listening as if what he said was of the greatest importance.
3. Nothing of any importance was agreed at their meeting.
4. Foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy.
5. The effect of these changes in world geopolitics and economics are of critical importance.
6. It’s a book that will be of interest to a wide range of readers.
7. What you do in your private life is of no interest to me.
8. Finally, in the fourth section I will cover a few topics which I think may be of interest to everybody.
9. It’s a matter of the greatest importance to me.
10. Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
11. Experience is what matters; age is of secondary importance.
Ex. 7. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.
STEEL SLEEPERS
Historically, steel ties (sleepers) have suffered from poor design and increased traffic loads over their normally long service life. These aged and often obsolete designs limited load and speed capacity. However, steel ties can be found in many locations globally; they perform adequately despite decades of service. There are great numbers of steel ties with over 50 years of service and in some cases they can and have been rehabilitated and continue to perform well. Steel ties were also used in specific situations, such as the Hejaz Railway in the Arabian Peninsula, which had an ongoing problem with Bedouins who would steal wooden ties for campfires.
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Modern day steel ties, particularly in North America (where track loads are greater than in other continents) are not the steel ties of old. Newer steel ties handle heavy loads and adverse track conditions. Of high importance to railroad companies is the fact that steel ties are more economical to install in new construction than creosote-treated wood ties and concrete ties. Steel ties are 100% recyclable and require up to 60% less ballast than concrete ties and up to 45% less than wood ties.
Steel ties are utilized in nearly all sectors of the worldwide railroad systems including heavy-haul, regional, shortlines, mining, electrified passenger lines and all manner of industries.
Notably, steel ties have proven themselves over the last few decades to be advantageous in turnouts (switches) and provide the solution to the ever-growing problem of long timber ties for such use.
The steel ties’ economic efficiency as well as their ability to hold rail gauge lower long-term maintenance costs, increase the life of other track components, reduce derailments and meet ever growing and stricter environmental standards. These advantages enabled railroad companies to redirect funds to other and business projects.
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