Communicative equivalence of the sent and the received message.
16. The ability to exchange ideas by means of speech is an important characteristics of a man. Without it the existence of HOMO SAPIENS would be impossible, because a man’s brain can develop only due to getting various knowledge about the world and the man himself by means of speech from other people. Without speech no civilization can exist, because civilization is created not by a separate man, it is created by a social group, by a society, and society exists only under condition that all its members are able to communicate with each other by means of speech, to perform speech communication. Without speech communication organization of production, science, culture, life itself are impossible.
17. In any act of speech there is communication between the Source of information (speaking or writing) and its Receptor (listening or reading). Though with all the necessary conditions there is the possibility of extracting from the message all information contained, each separate R extracts from the message different in size information depending on his knowledge, the degree of concern in this message and the aim that he puts for himself, participating in communication. That’s why each message exists, so to say, in two forms, which are not similar: the message sent by the S (text for the speaker) and the message, perceived by the R (text for the listener).
18. For the theory of translation very important is the fact that these forms of one and the same message stand to each other in relation of communicative equivalence (have an identical communicative value), which is expressed in the following:
1. There is potentially high degree of similarity, because they consist of identical language units, mainly representing similar information for all members of the given language community.
2. There is actually sufficient degree of similarity to ensure the necessary understanding in particular conditions of communication. If such understanding is not reached, the communicants may exchange additional information, thus making the perception of the message more precise.
3. Both the forms are united in the act of communication in one whole, and the differences between them appear irrelevant for the participants, who are not aware of these differences, thinking that the message received is exactly what was sent, and vice versa. So, for the communicants there is actually one text, the contents of which may principally be accessible to all speaking the language, with the help of which the message is sent and received.
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The notion of a “lingual mediation”.
19. Speech communication can be realized also between communicants, speaking different languages. In this case inter-lingual (bilingual) communication will take place. As the R can not extract information from the text, written or uttered in the language that he does not know, inter-lingual communication has a mediatory character. The obligatory condition of such communication is the presence of a mediator link, performing lingual mediation , i.e. converting the Source information into such form as could be perceived by the R (in other words, rendering this message in the R’s language). The lingual mediator must extract information from the ST (Source, or Original) and render it in a different language. That’s why this role can be performed by a person, who has the necessary degree of bilingualism, i.e. having command of both the languages.
Besides his mediatry role in the process of inter-lingual communication, the translator sometimes performs communicative functions, going beyond the limits of lingual mediation. As a rule, it takes place in the process of oral translation, when the translator is in close contact with the participants of inter-lingual communication. In this case the translator can have to act, according to conditions of communication or at the request of one of the participants, as a self-dependent source of information, giving additional remarks, making conclusions from the contents of the original, pointing to possible mistakes, etc.
20. Rendering information of the original text can be performed by a lingual mediator in different forms and with different degree of completeness, depending on the aim of inter-lingual communication. This aim may be determined by the participants of communication, as well as by the mediator himself. There are two main kinds of lingual mediation: translation and adaptive transcoding.
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