Incorrect character of the “theory of non-translatability”.
14. The foundation of the translation theory are general linguistic statements, determining the character of consideration and the solution of translational problems proper. In the course of the theory of translation elaboration the incorrectness of “the theory of non-translatability” was demonstrated. Consideration of translation from the linguistic point of view exactly detemined the impossibility of the full (complete) similarity of the ST and the TT contents. The linguistic peculiarity of any text, its being oriented on a definite language community, possessing its own “background knowledge” and cultural-historical peculiarities, can not be rendered in another language with absolute completeness. That’s why translation dose not presuppose the creation of a similar text, and absence of similarity can not serve the argument of impossibility of translation. The loss of some elements of the TT in translation does not mean, that this text is not translatable: such loss usually revealed, when it has been translated ant the translation is compared with the original. The impossibility to translate some peculiarity of the original is in the minor example of the general principle of non-similarity of the contents of two texts in different languages, and speaking about “absolute similarity”, then of two texts in one language, consisting of different language units. Absence of similarity does not interfere with the translation to perform the same communicative functions to perform which the original text was created. It is known that the content of an utterance contains elements of sense that are not significant for this utterance, but are imposed on it by the semantics of language units. E.g., the utterance “Хороший студент не придет на занятие неподготовленным» implies not only male-students but also female-students, and the female gender of the word студент is not relevant for him. But in the Russian language (as well as in French and German) it is impossible to use a noun without showing its gender, though it may not be necessary for the message and even contradict its sense, as in the quoted example. In English translation the indication to gender is lost, and such loss is not only irrelevant from the point of view of communication, but even desired. Absolute similarity of the ST and the TT contents is not only impossible, but is not necessary for the purpose for which the translation is created.
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Translation as a means of interlingual communication.
15. Another question, the solution of which was the reason for the development of the linguistic translation theory, was making clear the object of investigation. What is the object of linguistics? First of all, speaking about the translation of some work of literature into Russian, we mean some text, somehow different from other texts in Russian that are not translations. A linguist can study the peculiarities of such texts by comparing them with a foreign language original, as well as with not-translated texts in the same language. On the other hand, the text of the translation is a ready-made product, the translator’s actions result. This “product” is created in the process of these actions, in the process of translation or through (by means of, via) translation; so the translation may mean a certain sequence of a translator’s actions. That’s why in some early works in the theory of translation the necessity of treating as the object of investigation the dynamic aspect of translation, i.e. translation as a process, was stressed. Further analysis showed that it is hardly correct to oppose the process of translation to its result. It is the result of translation that makes the observed reality, on the ground of which one can obliquely judge about the process of translation, which is not immediately observable. Besides, linguistically the process is usually understood as conversion of some language structures or units into other ones, which means that in its description one must take into consideration both the initial structures and units and the final ones. In the process of translation the initial the units of the ST, and the final are the units of the TT. Thus, the linguistic theory of translation deals with both the texts in the SL and those in the TL, as well as with the process of converting the ST into the TT. But this approach seemed insufficient. Translation activity has a mediatory character, as its aim is to make possible the access to the utterance, created in a different language for the readers of the translation. In other words, thanks to translation it is possible to communicate for people speaking different languages, the inter-lingual communication is made possible. To create a perfect translation a translator should take into consideration the characteristic features of the author of the original (source of information) and those receivers (recipients, receptors) of the information, for whom the message is intended. He should also consider their knowledge and experience, the reality reflected in the message, the character and peculiarities of perception of the people, to whom the translation is addressed, and all other aspects of inter-lingual communication, influencing the procedure and the result of the translation process. That’s why the linguistic theory of translation treats translation within a wide framework of inter-lingual communication and studies all its aspects and determining factors, both linguistic proper, and extra-linguistic ones, as well as directly or obliquely influencing the choice in lingual units in the process of translation.
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