Objective-subjective character of a translator’s activity.
29. Wholly or partially equivalent units and potentially equal utterances exist actually in the SL and the TL, but their correct estimation, choice and use depend on the translator’s knowledge, habits and creative abilities, his skills to take into consideration and compare the whole set of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. In the process of translation the T solves a very complicated problem of finding and correct use of necessary elements of the system of equivalent units, on the basis of which communicatively similar utterances in the two languages are created and which is not given immediately, but is revealed only in the process of theoretical study and comparison of dozens originals with their translations.
30. The whole translator’s activity has an objective-subjective character, and his task is not confined merely to mechanic substitution of the TL units for the SL ones. As a kind of practical activities translation (or the practice of translation) is a set of actions performed by the translator while rendering ST into another language. These actions are largely intuitive and the best results are naturally achieved by translators who are best suited for the job, who are well-trained or have a special aptitude, a talent for it. Masterpieces in translation are created by the past masters of the art, true artists in their profession. At its best translation is an art, a creation of a talented, high-skilled professional. There is a point of view that “translation begins where dictionary ends”. It is wrong to think that having a dictionary the translator’s task is confined to mechanic transfer of equivalents into the TT. This view confines the translator’s art to non-trivial unique solutions, necessary only in such “exotic” cases as translation of puns, imagery, jargon, etc. Actually, the main theoretical and practical problems of translation are connected not with peripheral phenomena, but with the use of the language resources with the aim of accomplishing the tasks of inter-lingual communication.
Types of adapting transcoding.
31. When describing translational activity the translation theory takes into consideration the fact, that the translator can perform not only translation, but different kinds of adaptive transcoding as lingual mediation.
Adaptive transcoding is a kind of lingual mediation, when not only transcoding (transfer) of information from one language into another (which is also the case with translation), but also its conversion (adaptation) takes place. The aim of adaptation is to present information in a different form, which is determined not by its arrangement in the original, but by a special task of inter-lingual communication. The specific character of adaptive transcoding is determined by the orientation of lingual mediation on a concrete group of TRs or on the set form of the SL information conversion.
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Thus, adaptive transcoding, like translation, is a special representation of the ST contents in the TL, but as different from translation it is not intended for a full-value substitute of the original.
32. Translation is the main kind of lingual mediation. The communicative equality of the ST and the TT presupposes a high degree of similarity of their related units. The possibility of achieving such similarity depends on correlation of systems and rules of functioning of the SL and the TL. That’s why translation is more than other means of lingual mediation determined linguistically. Adaptive transcoding has a para-translational character and can be described as a unity of two consecutive conversions: translation and a set adaptation of the TT. Various kinds of adaptive transcoding show in different degrees common features with translation. They all are united with translation by their being secondary from the communicative viewpoint: it is always one or another representation of the original in a different language.
33. Translational features are most of all preserved in such kinds of adaptive transcoding as abridged translation and adapted translation. In these cases there is partial functional similarity of the ST and the TT, with respect to the fact that the ST contains premeditated deviations from the original in structural and semantic components and is not intended for a full-value substitute of the original.
Abridged translation is effected by deletion in translation of separate parts of the original for moral, political or other considerations of practical character. And it is supposed that the translated original parts are rendered by communicatively equal segments of speech in the TT, though the original is only partially reproduced.
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34. Adapted translation is effected by partial explication (simplification and commenting) of the structure and contents of the original in the process of translation with the aim to make the text understandable for certain groups of Rs, who may not have sufficient knowledge and professional or living experience, necessary for the full understanding of the original. Most often such adaptation is connected with the fact that the translation of an “adult” text is made for young readers, or the translation of a complicated scientific text is intended for a wide scope of non-professional readers.
Shortening and adaptation of the translation may be interconnected and performed simultaneously with the same original. Anyway, the created text is called “translation”, though the fact of shortening or adaptation is usually stipulated specially
35. Most kinds of adaptive transcoding are not connected even with partial functional or structural similarity of the ST and the TT. They are intended for more or less full rendering of the SL original contents in such a form, that is necessary for achieving the aim of inter-lingual communication. This aim may be to deliberately influence a certain group of Rs, or to extract from the original certain part of information. The kind of AT is determined either by the indication to the character of the expected influence, or to the character and size of information to be preserved in the text. AT is conditioned socially.
36. The example of AT is pragmatic adaptation, achieved in rendering advertisement for ensuring the sale of goods. The change of the addressee may require different means of persuasion , resulting in the change of the structure and the contents. An extreme case of such adaptation is co-writing, i.e. creating a TL parallel text, connected with the ST only by the advertised goods and the pragmatic task.
37. AT, oriented on the set size and character of information, is effected by means of making annotations, abstracts, precis, and other forms of rendering information, connected with selecting and rearrangement of data of the ST. Each of these forms have set size and rules of presenting the material, making the perception of the information easier.//
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