Lecture 2. OBJECT, OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF THE TRANSLATION THEORY
Definition of the notion “theory of translation”.
Objectives of the theory of translation.
Methods of investigation.
Incorrect character of the “theory of non-translatability”.
Translation as a means of interlingual communication.
Communicative equivalence of the sent and the received message.
The notion of a “lingual mediation”.
Translation as a kind of lingual mediation.
Communicative scheme of translation.
Objective-subjective character of a translator’s activity.
Types of adaptive transcoding.
Definition of the notion “theory of translation”.
1. In the broad sense the term “theory of translation” is opposed to the term “practice of translation” and embraces any conceptions, statements and observations, dealing with the practice of translation, ways and conditions of its performance, various factors, influencing it directly or obliquely. Such interpretation of the “theory of translation” coincides with the notion of “translatology”.
In a more narrow sense “theory of translation” includes only theoretical part of translatology proper and is opposed to its applied aspects.
2. Translation is a complicated multi-sided phenomenon, separate aspects of which can be the object of investigation of various sciences. In the framework of translatology are studied psychological, literary, ethnographical and other sides of a translation activity, and also history of translation activity in this or other country or countries. Depending on the object of investigation one can single out: psychological translatology (psychology of translation), literary translatology (theory of literary or artistic translation), ethnographic translatology, historical translatology and so on. The leading position in modern translatology belongs to linguistic translatology (linguistics of translation), which studies the translation as a linguistic phenomenon. Particular kinds of translatology supplement each other, tending to the universal description of a translational activity.
3. Theoretical part of linguistics of translation is made up by linguistic theory of translation, the main theses of which are treated in this course. In our further study we shall use the term “theory of translation” in the meaning of “linguistic theory of translation” without any additional notices. In this meaning in the theory of translation are distinguished “general theory of translation”, “(particular) bilingual theories of translation” and “special theories of translation”.
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4. General theory of translation is a section of linguistic theory of translation, which studies the most general linguistic conformities of translation, irrespective of specific features of a concrete pair of languages, ways of accomplishing this process and individual peculiarities of a concrete act of translation. Theses of the general theory of translation comprise any kinds of translation of any originals from any source language to any target language.
5. General theory of translation is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of bilingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances was translated. Basically, replacement of ST by TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and implying the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, eachlanguage is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to non-linguistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In any language communication is made possible through a complicated logical interpretation by the users of the speech units, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language signs against the information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universals and is the basis for all other theoretical study in this area, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible.
General theory of translation makes up part of the linguistic theory of translation, alongside (particular) bilingual theories of translation, which should always relate to a definite pair of languages, and special theories of translation, which disclose the peculiarities of the translating process, influenced both by the common basic factors and by a number of specific variables which stem from the actual conditions and modes of the translator's work: the type of original texts he has to cope with, the form in which ST is presented to him and the form in which he is supposed to submit his translation, the specific requirements he may be called upon to meet in his work, etc. The general theory of translation describes the basic principles which hold good for bilingual and special theories of translation. Bilingual and special theories of translation specialize the principles of the general theory of translation in application to types and kinds of translation.
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