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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WELDING
Most metals, when heated, react with the atmosphere or other nearby1 metals. These reactions can be extremely detrimental to the properties of a welded joint. Most metals, for example, rapidly oxidize when molten. A layer of oxide2 can prevent proper bonding of the metal. These problems have led to the use of fluxes and inert atmospheres.
In fusion welding3 the flux has a protective role in facilitating a controlled reaction of the metal and then preventing oxidation by forming a blanket4 over the molten material. Fluxes can be active and help in the process or inactive and simply protect the surf aces during joining.
Inert atmospheres play a protective role similar to that of fluxes. In gas-shielded metal-arc5 and gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding6 an inert gas—usually argon—flows from a tube surrounding the torch7 in a continuous stream, displacing the air from around the arc. The gas does not chemically react with the metal but simply protects it from contact with the oxygen in the air.
Notes on the text
1. nearby близлежащий
2. a layer of oxide слой окиси, оксидная пленка
3. fusion welding сварка плавлением
4. blanket защитный слой
5. gas-shielded metal-arc welding дуговая сварка металлическим электродом в среде защитного газа
6. gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding дуговая сварка вольфрамовым
электродом в среде защитного газа
7. torch сварочная горелка
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
When driving my car I pay attention to the traffic signs.
2. The area of the car works built on the Kama river is almost 1000 hectares.
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While translating the article I didn’t use the dictionary.
4. A neutron is a particle having the same mass as a proton but carrying no electrical charge.
5.The broken arm was examined by the doctor.
6. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away.
7. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
8. While isolating and separating radium, Mary Curie found other radioactive elements.
Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
1. The clock striking 10, we went to bed.
2. The children having come from school, we sat down and began to eat.
3. Our horses being weary, it was agreed that we should come to a halt.
4. It being pretty late, they decided to postpone their visit.
5. Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.
6. Our efforts to start the car having failed, we spent the night in a nearby village.
5. Переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив является:
1. To increase the speed of trains is a complicated problem (подлежащим).
2. To detect broken parts in time a new device was developed in our shop (обстоятельством).
3. The internal combustion engine to be used in this lorry is of new design (определением).
4. Our aim is to study this phenomenon (дополнением).
5. The designer is to vary the properties of the metal (частью сказуемого).
6. Steam engines were the first to be tried in airplanes (определением).
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкции
Complex Object / Complex Subject
1. My mother wants me to study Spanish.
2. I know my friend to be a just man.
3. We expected the weather to change.
4. I like my brother to play guitar.
5. She felt tears roll down her cheeks.
1. The new methods of work appear to be very effective.
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2. Many new text-books are expected to be published soon.
3. His invention is considered to be of great importance.
4. That power station is known to be situated on the Angara River.
5. The house appears to have not been lived for a long time.
6. The devices seem to be in excellent condition.
1. Я ожидал, что она пришлет мне письмо.
2. Она знала, что он очень добрый человек.
3. Мама любит, когда я читаю стихи.
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Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод составных предлогов и союзов.
1. Due to the establishment of new trolley-bus routes the passenger service in the city was mproved.
2. The monument was restored in spite of many difficulties.
3. Who can repair the apparatus instead of him?
4. No planes took off on that day on account of low clouds.
5. You can get to that part of the city eitherby bus orby the underground.
6. As soon as all the calculations are completed, we will begin the tests.
7. These children know neither German nor French.
8. You can stay here as long as the room is free.
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