THE SUBJECTIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH
THE INFINITIVE THE PARTICIPLE
| smb. is + seen + to do smth. smth. heard … smb. is + considered + to do smth. believed … expected supposed smb. is + said + to do smth. smth. reported smb. is + made + to do smth. smb. is + sure + to do smth. smth. likely certain smb. + seems + to do smth. appears happens proved turned out | smb. is + seen + doing smth. smth. heard done found felt smth. is + considered + done smb. believed smb. is + left + doing smth. kept done caught |
18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
This is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun; the noun/pronoun is the ‘subject’ of the participle, different from the subject of the sentence.
In this construction Participle I in all its forms and Participle II are used. The construction is found only in literary style. It is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of
- time:
The hole in the ground having been dug, the men just disappeared.
- cause:
The restaurant having closed, there was nowhere to eat.
- attendant circumstances:
A little girl walked past, her doll dragging behind her on the pavement.
We sat silent, her eyes fixed on me.
- condition, almost always with the participles permitting and failing:
Weather permitting, we’ll start tomorrow.
The nouns in the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction with Participle II are sometimes used without any article.
She waited, head half turned.
18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction may be used with the preposition with. As a rule, it is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
A car roared past with smoke pouring from the exhaust.
I lay idly in a big chair with my eyes closed.
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18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
Instead of a participle, the second element of absolute constructions may be an adjective, an adverb, or a prepositional phrase. The constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
a) The Nominative Absolute Construction is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time or attendant circumstances.
Breakfast over, he returned to his office.
Manson went home alone, his heart full of strange emotions.
Compare: Breakfast over, … indicates time.
Breakfast being over, … expresses cause.
b) The Prepositional Absolute construction is mostly used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
I found him ready and waiting for me, with his coat over his arm.
The Gerund and the Participle
The Gerund and Participle I have identical forms (so-called ing-form) and are sometimes confused. In fact, however, they are not difficult to distinguish as they have different syntactic functions and are used in different patterns.
o Unlike the participle, the gerund can be used in the functions of a subject and object.
o Both the gerund and the participle can be used as an attribute and adverbial modifier, but in these functions, the gerund is always preceded by prepositions.
Compare: After leaving the building, the man hailed a taxi. (gerund)
Leaving the building, the man …(participle)
The participle is never precede by prepositions, though may be used after a conjunction.
While phoning abroad, dial 065.
c) Unlike the participle, the gerund may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun.
I don’t like your going without me.
GRAMMAR IN USE
Ex. 1. Point out verbal, adjectival and adverbial characteristics of Participle I in the following sentences.
1. Nick looked on at the moon, coming up over the hills. (E. H.) 2. Obediently shutting the door, Edna advanced into the room... . (A. Chr.) 3. I got a telegram from Bill's uncle asking me to come. (P. W.) 4. Having got his son back like this, he felt he must know what was his financial position. (Galsw.) 5. His wife was of the opinion that a frown suited his... face, giving it authority. (White) 6. To begin with, it appears he caught sight of a man behaving suspiciously. (A. Chr.) 7. The car stopped. Drawing a long breath Pat got out. (F. F.) 8. The photograph showed a young girl standing... against the conventional background of a photographer's studio, a pagoda and a group of palm trees. (S. M.) 9. Having arrived in front of it (the house), she put her hands to her mouth in trumpet form and shouted: "I! I! I! Sallyl" (S. M.) 10. Sally saw the advertisement of a play being acted at the neighbouring town. (S. M.) 11. "Nonsense," said Caroline in reply... "you'll see. Ten to one she's left a letter confessing everything." (A. Chr.) 12. Turning slowly, holding on to the wall, he dragged his way back into his room. (Cron.) 13. The following evening, having refused Elliot's telephoned offer to fetch me, I arrived quite safely at Mrs. Bradley's house. (S. M.) 14. ...pushing the people aside, he made his way through the crowd... . (S. M.) 15. And for a moment they all three stood silently looking at one another. (S. M.) 16. ...quickly taking her handkerchief, she hid her face in it and began to sob broken-heartedly. (S. M.)
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Ex. 2. Translate what is given in brackets using:
a) Participle I (active, non-perfect) in attributive phrases where possible.
1. We came up to the man (стоявшему на углу) and asked him the way. 2. Go to the corner and ask the militiaman, (стоящего там) to show you the way. 3. The man (стоящий у расписания) was our teacher last vear. 4. Did you see in what direction the man (стоявший здесь) went. 5. He wants to write a book (которая подытожила) h is impressions of the trip. 6. A new power plant is to be built here in two years (которая будет снабжать электричеством) a number of industrial regions. The people (ожидающие доктора) have been sitting here for a long time. 8. The people (ожидавшие вас) have just gone.
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b, с) Participle I (active, perfect or non-perfect) in adverbial phrases.
1. (Рассказав все, что он знал) the witness left the box. 2. (Постучав дважды и не получив ответа) he decided that there was nobody in. 3. (Толкнув дверь) he felt that it was not locked, and (открыв ее) he looked inside. 4. (Тихо закрыв за собой дверь) hе tiptoed into the room. 5. Each time (рассказывая об этом cлучае) he could not help a smile. 6. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a telegram awaiting her. 7. (Приехав сюда) only a few years before he knew those parts as if he had always lived there. 8. We took a trip in a motor-launch down the river and spent the whole day on the water, (приехав обратно) when it was dark. 9. I felt very tired (проработав целый день) in the sun. 10. (Опустив монету и подняв трубку) he began to dial the number. 11. (Уронив монету на пол) he did not care to look for it in the darkness and took another one.
d) Participle I (passive, perfect or non-perfect) in attributive
or adverbial phrases where possible.
1, The conference (проходящая сейчас) at the University is devoted to problems of nuclear physics. 2. Unable to attend the fence (проходившую тогда) at the University, we asked to be sent the type-written reports. 3. They are now at a conference (которая проходит) at the University. 4, They stood (у заправлявшейся машины) and watched the meter. 5. The sight of (накрываемого столa) made my mouth water. 6. Suddenly I heard a sound of a key (поворачиваемого) in the lock. 7. (Когда их поставили в воду) the flowers opened their petals. 8. The flowers faded (так как их долгое время держали без воды).
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