Rookie Aims to Muster Team Spirit

 

Автор данного заголовка для статьи о новой теннисной "надежде" Великобритании использует фамилию знаменитого британского тренера Muster вместо глагола to master, что создает комический эффект. Также автор "обыгрывает" понятия "team" (команда) и "team spirit" (командный дух), так как молодой теннисист надеется стать членом команды, для чего ему нужно "проникнуться командным духом" (to master / muster team spirit).

 

1980's Art That Still Makes Noise.

 

Автор данного заголовка для статьи об афро-американском хип-хоп художнике Жане-Мишеле Баске использует выражение to make noise — шуметь, в значении "сохранить яркость, самобытность". Автор также дает читателю понять, что искусство Баске по прежнему трогает людские сердца и умы.

Задание 13

Какие приемы используются для придания следующим заголовкам юмористической окраски?

Far East to East End

Amazing Ways: the Long History of Mazes

New York Hospital Closings: a Sick Proposal

Sense and Non-Scents

Fisherman Nets Lotto Jackpot

Car-makers Drive up Profits

Suddenly Goldman is Less Golden

How the Crunch Came in the Long War of Crisps

The Changing Face of Cosmetic Surgery

  

Анализируя композиционный состав газетных заголовков и их воздействие на читателя, необходимо учитывать два аспекта: лингвистический и социо-культурный. Интерпретируя заголовок с лингвистической точки зрения, мы относимся к заголовку как к определенному виду текста, и прослеживаем, как автор использовал разнообразные ресурсы языка. Как правило, авторы газетных заголовков прибегают к целому ряду различных элементов лингвистической системы: более крупный и яркий шрифт, широкое использование тире, чередование звуков и ритм (аллитерация и ударение), грамматическая структура (частое использование эллиптических предложений) и словарь (использование эмоционально-окрашенных слов), различные стилистические средства (метафора, метонимия, игра слов, парадокс, контраст).

Наряду с заголовками статей, которые звучат захватывающе, а порой даже интригующе, но порой не содержат в себе прямого намека на конкретную тему, которой может быть посвящена статья, читатель чаще сталкивается с заголовками, которые очень близко подводят его к материалу, представленному в статье. На этом этапе некоторые читатели заканчивают "чтение статьи" и переключают свое внимание на следующий заголовок, ведь не секрет, что существует многочисленная группа тех, кто ограничивается изучением только заголовков, формируя порой неверное суждение о содержании самой статьи.

Следующая группа читателей — это те, кто удостаивает своим вниманием помимо заголовка еще и первый абзац. Несомненно, этот факт во многом объясняет ту чрезвычайную серьезность, с которой авторы газетных и журнальных сообщений относятся к делению информации, включенной в статью, на абзацы и выбору места для каждого информационного блока. Как правило, наиболее важная информация в краткой форме представлена в первом абзаце, часто — в первом предложении. Нередко именно первый абзац является своеобразным резюме всей статьи. Читатель либо получает дополнительную информацию по фактам включенным в название, либо знакомится с новыми фактами по теме, затронутой в заголовке. Например, в первом абзаце своей статьи "Bird Flu Hits Southern Russian Regions" корреспондент "The Moscow News" Аглая Раскатова представляет в краткой форме конкретные данные, развивающие содержание заголовка.

 

According to the Russian Ministry for Emergency Situations, more than 1,5 mln birds died from bird flu in the past five months in Russia, with the "third wave" of the disease covering southern Russia.

 

Далее автор статьи знакомит читателя с авторитетным мнением эксперта об опасности, которая угрожает населению в случае мутации вируса.

 

Meanwhile, an expert from the Russian Virology Institute has warned that up to one third of the world's population could come down with the flu if the virus mutates.

 

Такая организация материала неслучайна: читатель, не заинтересованный данной проблемой, все-таки ознакомился с существующей ситуацией; читатель же, обеспокоенный проблемой распространения вируса, будучи заинтригованным, обратится к дальнейшей информации, содержащейся в последующих абзацах.

Но даже читатель, изначально намеревавшийся прочесть какое-либо газетное сообщение целиком, часто теряет интерес к информации, сталкиваясь со слишком длинными абзацами, содержащими разбросанные факты, расплывчатые суждения. Чтобы, завладев вниманием читателя, удержать его на протяжении чтения всей статьи, последняя должна характеризоваться логичностью, упорядоченностью материала, относительной краткостью. Вот почему так часто абзацы состоят из одного предложения, что создает эффект "blow-by-blow": каждый абзац дает краткую, но конкретную информацию по теме статьи, и, таким образом, выстраивается цепочка взаимосвязанных четких фактов. Короткие абзацы:

1) не отпугивают рядового читателя;

2) преподносят готовые факты (читателю не нужно на основе нескольких предложений, развивающих одну и ту же идею, формулировать свой вариант понимания ее);

3) помогают читателю воспринять, "переварить", запомнить прочитанный материал.

 

Но краткость, четкость, конкретность информации не всегда обозначают ее доступность читателю. Поэтому авторы используют широкий ряд лингвистических приемов, чтобы сделать статью более "читаемой".

Один из приемов — использование параллельных конструкций. Наличие идентичной или похожей синтаксической структуры в двух и более предложениях — довольно часто встречающаяся особенность публицистического стиля.

 

Eight regions of the Southern Federal District — Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia, Adygea, Nothern Ossetia-Alania, Krasnodar and Stavropol — all on the route that migrating birds take in the spring — have been hit with the disease.

Twenty-two private farms and three battery farms in 15 districts of Dagestan have been reportedly infected. In the Krasnodar region, bird flu cases have been registered in 11 provinces. In the Stavropol region, bird flu cases have been revealed on small private farms siyuated in …the town of Kislovodsk.

 

Учитывая необходимость экономно использовать газетное пространство, авторы часто обращаются к перечислению (см. пример выше).

The lots include 18th and 19th century silver and porcelain, as well as souvenirs from the Battle of Waterloo, including pieces of shrapnel, spent bullets, military buttons and belt plates, offered at a reserve price of 300 $.

 

Проблематичной бывает необходимость формулировки важной информации одним-двумя предложениями. В данном случае автор должен не перестараться с употреблением чрезмерно сложных предложений, перенасыщенных придаточными предложениями и союзами, что усложняет восприятие содержания статьи.

Наряду с использованием неперфектных глагольных форм в заголовках, в самих сообщениях также нередки случаи, когда предпочтение отдается выбору Past Simple вместо Present Perfect. Но из-за этого язык не выглядит и не звучит упрощенно. Он обогащается (но не усложняется) за счет широкого употребления неличных форм глагола: инфинитива, причастия, герундия.

 

…with the gravy bubbling and the stomach grumbling, this is the right moment to accentuate the positive and give thanks…

 

However, it was not possible to establish how many had avian flu because of the practice of pooling tissue samples taken from the birds.

 

Определенную немаловажную функцию в языке сообщений выполняют постоянно употребляемые в повседневной речи глагольные сочетания с послелогами. Они способны помочь читателю воспринять даже сложную информацию по незнакомой для него тематике, но на "знакомом" доступном языке.

 

Clayton is putting up 55% of the required investment capital.

 

The increase was set off by fewer aircraft commercial deliveries.

 

Поскольку функция сообщения является основной для различного рода газетных статей, и автор не высказывает своей точки зрения по проблеме, которой посвящена статья, он использует кавычки, чтобы

а) отдалить самого себя, свою собственную точку зрения от какого-либо представленного в статье мнения;

б) акцентировать внимание читателя на определенных фразах (что равнозначно подчеркиванию);

в) отметить разного рода выражения: технические, литературные, сленговые, и др. 

 

…''repentant'' mafiosi are given protection by the state in exchange for information about gangland activities.

 

Police in Caltanissetta said they feared more "Montague and Capulet style explosions of violence" between rival gangs over territory and drug-running operations.

 

It said the tragedy could have been drawn from the recent film version which places the "star-cross'd lovers" in a modern gangland setting in "Verona Beach".

 

Trubia told police he had objected to a "liaison" between Matteo and his sister's 15-year-old daughter…

 

A feminist academic has been exempted from a city's ban on stripping to enable her to dance naked around a pole as an "artistic exercise".

 

Множество цитат и другие способы передачи чужой речи — это особенность газетного стиля. Один из специфических газетных способов — недословная, сокращенная передача речи с примечаниями журналиста в запятых; цитируемая речь приводится при этом без кавычек. Но, разумеется, еще больше случаев прямой речи, отмеченной кавычками.

 

At the same time, the experts said the ethical controversy was unlikely to affect South Korea's status as a global leader in the cloning field.

 

Hwang's admission was "a great shock, but I don't see any significant impact on South Korean stem cell research," said Han Yong Mahn, a scientist at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. "This will serve as an occasion for us to make our research more mature".

 

Порой, прочитав статью и слегка подзабыв ее содержание, мы способны восстановить в своей памяти основные моменты, с которыми ознакомил нас автор, "отталкиваясь" от какого-то одного слова. Оно "крутится" у нас в голове, помогая воссоздать информационный ряд. Это слово не случайно первым из огромного количества лексических единиц, использованных автором в статье, возникает в нашей памяти. Преднамеренно на протяжении всего газетного сообщения оно неоднократно повторялось, чтобы задержать внимание читателя, чтобы еще раз акцентировать тему статьи (а именно с темой и должно быть связано ключевое слово), чтобы по окончании чтения читатель смог четко ответить на вопрос "О чем я прочитал?". Так, в статье "Athletes Who Merit Celebration" Кристофер Клэри удачно выбрал в качестве ключевого слова "charity".

Чтобы не перестараться с использованием ключевых слов и избежать излишних повторений, авторы применяют и такой прием как употребление синонимов. В той же статье представлен богатый синонимический ряд:

 

to donate some sum

to contribute some money

to pledge

to generate

to write checks

to help somebody with some sum of money

 

Публицистический стиль отличается редким применением побудительных предложений, междометий и разнообразных конструкций, отвечающих за эмоциональное оформление материала. Тем не менее автору необходимо добиться эмоциональной реакции от читателя. Он хочет удивить его, шокировать, огорчить, разозлить, развлечь либо просто "расшевелить". С этой целью автор прибегает к использованию метафор, идиом, эпитетов.

 

 It was just one of those iffy areas…

a scandal-weary writer

ill winds

reassuring breezes

at-risk youth

"…I believe in the carrot, not in the stick."

Luciana Morad…bucked a trend…

 

Как правило, газетная статья рассматривается читателем как источник правдивой информации. Реальные факты, события, данные не должны быть искажены. С этой целью авторы наполняют свои статьи именами собственными, географическими названиями, названиями предприятий, учреждений, общественных организаций и институтов. Широко используются статистические данные, подтверждающиеся источниками либо ссылками на них. Конкретные даты и цифры, фигурирующие в материалах воздействуют на читателя: удивляют, поражают, ужасают, разочаровывают и т.д.

This Christmas week 1,221 diamond wedding couples will get the Queen's best wishes. Last year there were 653 in the same week. Since the start of 1999 Buckingham Palace has sent more than 2,300 diamond greetings, compared with barely 1,000 in an average year.

 

Vietnam has reported 91 cases of bird flu in humans, with 41 people dead, according to Cao Duc Phat, the minister of agriculture, who presented new data Wednesday at the UN Food and Animal Organization in Rome.

 

According to a recent survey, six out of ten women believe the tradition of giving a child its father's surname is outdated. One in for would prefer to give their child their own name.

 

Упоминание в статье фамилии человека, чья личность может интересовать читателя, часто заставляет последнего ознакомиться с содержанием материала.

 

Meanwhile, men like Andre Agassi, Lance Armstrong, David Beckham, Tiger Woods and Zinedine Zidane continued their longstanding charity work…

 

Luciana Morad, the Brazilian model and mother of Mick Jagger's seventh child, bucked a trend when she chose to name the boy Lucas Morad Jagger.

 

Некоторые газетные публикации "пестрят" различного рода аббревиатурами, акронимами. Причем наряду с общеизвестными авторы статей используют и те, которые знакомы лишь узкому кругу читателей, хорошо ориентирующихся в той сфере жизнедеятельности, рассмотрению которой посвящена статья. Как правило, автор дает полный вариант в первых абзацах и лишь потом заменяет его сокращенным.

 

…the health agency did not believe that China was hiding human bird flu cases the way it covered up the numbers of patients with Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, in 2003.

 

…financial obligations to children are determined by the Child Support Agency(CSA).

 

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DELFRA), which published the report yesterday, said all the birds held in the same area of the quarantine facility had either died or been culled…

 

Все упомянутые приемы делают стиль, используемый для написания газетных и журнальных статей, узнаваемым. Добавим еще такую особенность как широкое применение "готовых формул" или клише. Среди них мы встречаем многочисленные вводные обороты, указывающие на источник информации:

 

it is reported

it is claimed

our correspondent reports from…

according to well-informed sources…,

 

а также устойчивые сочетания со стершейся образностью:

 

to set the tone

to throw light

to lay the corner-stone

to give the lie

 

Читая прессу, студенты могут получить информацию о различных сторонах жизни общества, найти материал, соответствующий их личностным интересам, в частности — в области политики, науки, экономики, культуры, спорта, ознакомиться с освещением последних событий, имеющих место в международной и внутренней жизни страны, а также получить любопытные сведения и факты страноведческого плана. Поэтому чтение прессы не только оптимизирует достижение практической и образовательной целей, но и способствует повышению уровня мотивации к овладению иностранным языком. Содержащаяся в прессе информация решает также задачи реализации межпредметных связей - это касается таких дисциплин как литература Великобритании и США, страноведение и других. Наконец, язык прессы отражает динамику развития языка, новые языковые формы, особенно в области лексики, так как этот словарь наиболее оперативно реагирует на изменения и новшества, происходящие в жизни общества.

Заинтересовать содержанием статьи может фотография, иллюстрация, карикатура, помещенная в газете. До чтения самой статьи по ним можно сделать предположения о содержании материала, а, прочитав подписи под фотографиями (иллюстрациями), выделив в них ключевые слова, получить подтверждение или опровержение первичным предположениям.

Каждый абзац имеет обычно ключевое предложение, выражающее его основное содержание, в этом ключевом предложении можно, в свою очередь, выделить ключевые слова. При этом важно научить находить эти ключевые слова, несущие смысловую нагрузку, понимать их — это путь к пониманию статьи в целом.

Таким образом, работа с газетным текстом представляет собой достаточно обширный и интересный пласт деятельности. Используемый газетный материал должен содержать значимую информацию по экономической, общественно-политической, культурной и спортивной тематике, которую можно чередовать с сообщениями сенсационно-развлекательного характера. Подобрав подходящий по содержанию газетный текст, преподавтель намечает этапы работы с ним: 1) предварительное ознакомление студентов с содержанием материала, «введение в тему»; 2) при необходимости — снятие трудностей лексического и страноведческого характера; 3) выполнение упражнений, направленных на проникновение в смысл текста и извлечение информации; 4) стилистический анализ текста; 5) заключительная беседа по проблеме затронутой в статье. 

Для систематизации и упорядоченности работы с образцами публицистического стиля предлагаем примерный перечень тем.

 

1. Газетный и журнальный заголовок; его особенности и функции. Заголовок и статья.

2. Роль мужчины и женщины в современной действительности: работа, семья, разделение обязанностей.

3. Философия человека XX-XXI веков, жизненные ценности.

4. Технический прогресс и быт человека в XX-XXI веке.

5. Здоровье человека сегодня. Основные факторы, оказывающие влияние на здоровье человека.

6. Вирусы, угрожающие человечеству в XXI веке, и борьба с ними.

7. Клонирование: за и против.

8. Религиозные проблемы XXI века.

9. Гении и злодеи XX-XXI века.

10. Язык будущего, каков он?

11. Глобализация Европы: за и против.

12. Европейский союз: задачи и перспективы.

13. Военные конфликты: вооружения и разоружения.

14. Терроризм и борьба с ним.

15. Человечество и развитие культуры. Сохранение культурного наследия.

16. Спорт в современном мире.

17. Будущее Беларуси: политика, экономика, социальная жизнь, культура, язык

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ А

List of Newspaper & Magazine Headlines for Interpretation

 

1. Here's Looking at Him — the Life & Work of Humphrey Bogart

2. The Changing Face of Cosmetic Surgery

3. Amazing Ways: the Long History of Mazes

4. The Thrill of the Hunt(about Helen Hunt, a star actress)

5. The Ranch of a Thousand Smiles — Special Place for Special     Children

6. Painless Drilling, Perfect Smiles: The Brave New World of Dentistry

7. London Poaches Top Detectives to Combat Gun Crime

8. Obesity is Climbing

9. Robeson Film Feast Set for February

10.Wanted: Students to Get Drunk for Free

11.Star-cross'd Romeo Falls Foul of Mafia

12. The Face of an Ancestral Child

13. How Smart are IQ Tests?

14. Bedouin and Board

15. Washington Wakes up to Global Warming

16. The Former “Mirror” Editor Chosen as Replacement.

17. Bam Scam Revealed.

18. Arabs Sceptical over Israeli Meeting Plan

19. The Stars in Stripes.

20. Come on Bilbo, Give us a Clue.

21. Your Marathon Effort Deserves these Words of Inspiration.

22. The Singing Demimonde of East Village Bohemia.

23. This Way and Don't Be Scared.

24. In a New York State of Mind.

25. Science of the Lambs Forces Cull.

26. Deals Highlight a Brave New Media World.

27. Hedge Funds Declare Undying Love for Stock Exchanges.

28. Provenance in Quality Helps Baltika Hop into Top Place.

29. Give the Market a Chance.

30. Enjoy an Earthbound Retail Heaven.

31. How the Crunch Came in the Long War of the Crisps.

32. How Paris & Hollywood Fell out of Love.

33. Tighter Money Separates the Sheep from the Goats.

34. Hollywood Embraces Online Distribution Monster.

35. Rebel with a Radical Cause.

36. A Cool Hand in the Heat of Battle.

37. Lord Adonis: Heresy from Tony’s Blue-eyed Boy.

 

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Б

 

WOMEN NARROW THE ENTERPRISE GAP

 

By Rebecca Knight

 

The number of women entrepreneurs is increasing worldwide but men in high-income countries are still nearly twice as likely as women to start new businesses.

The Global Entrepreneur-ship Monitor, based on survey data from more than 107,400 respondents in 35 countries, found that while there is a substantial gender gap in entrepreneurial activity in wealthy nations, the gender disparity in middle-income countries is narrower. For example, in the US, the percentage of women who have committed funds to starting a new business or have been in business for less than 42 months is 9.6 per cent, compared with 14.1 per cent of men. In the UK, 3.7 per cent of women are involved in early stage entrepreneurial activity, compared with 6.1 per cent of men. In Venezuela, however, 23.8 per cent of women are involved in early stage entrepreneurial activity, compared to 22.2 per cent of men, according to the report, by Babson College and London Business School.

Maria Minniti, associate professor of economics and entrepreneurship at Babson, said the probable explanation for the discrepancy was that more women in middle income countries start new ventures because they have no better job options. The study also found that the women most likely to be entrepreneurs in both high- and middle-income countries are those who hold jobs and have higher levels of household income and education.

Nan Langowitz, director of the Center for Women's Leadership at Babson College and associate professor of management, said: "There's a clear message that being in the workplace not only helps women achieve greater personal income but also gives them access to the resources, ideas and social capital that enable entrepreneurial activity." In high-income countries women's businesses are as likely to survive beyond 42 months as those of men, which is not the case in middle-income countries.

 

1. Read the headline. Does it give any hint at the content of the article?

2. Read the first passage and determine its function.

3. Why was the bulk of information split into 3 passages ?

4. What means does the author resort to in order to emphasize the reliability of the article?

 

 

I WANT EVERYTHING DONE YESTERDAY

                                                                        

  By Adeline Iziren                    

                            

Champagne corks have been popping at the office of Barbara Follett, who has just been returned as the Labour MP for Stevenage, Hertfordshire.

"I'm delighted," she says. "The people of Stevenage have put their trust in me and I am determined to serve them to the best of my ability."

Ms Follett's goal for her second term is to continue the work she began in her first. Priorities include fighting crime, pushing for better and more frequent public transport and improving NHS facilities.

Constituents and lobby groups have their goals too, as is evident from the MP's postbag. "The daily post is about 12in high, and countless calls a day are taken at my office in Westminster and here in Stevenage," she says. "It's relentless and you have to prioritise."

A constituent may write in to express concern about the impact that the merging of two companies is having on his job, another to ask the MP whether there is anything she can do to stop the neighbour's cat catching the fish in her pond.

"I have to try to help someone like that, even though I think 'What on earth can I do about the problem?'" Ms Follett says.

If she had to handle all her calls and answer all her letters, she would never manage to visit the schools or hospitals in her constituency, and clued-up constituents would wonder why they never saw her during televised Commons debates.

Thankfully, she has a competent team who assist with the routine aspects of her job. They include Rachel Flagg, her parliamentary assistant. "I couldn`t exist without Rachel and my other two staff members," Ms Follett says.

Ms Follett and Ms Flagg communicate up to 30 times a day, even if they don't see one another. Ms Flagg doesn`t record a diary of the MP's activities — this is the role of the secretary whom she shares with her husband, the author Ken Follett. But Ms Flagg has a copy of the diary so that she can keep up with her boss.

Ms Flagg is based at Ms Follett's office in the House of Commons, where her duties include writing speeches, preparing briefings for meetings, answering the phone and writing to constituents and interest groups.

"Barbara is very hands-on and likes to deal with every letter that comes in," Ms Flagg says. "But that is impossible because her diary is always full to bursting, so I respond to a lot of the letters myself. Sometimes a constituent may write in about a government policy with which he or she disagrees, and I'll go away and research that policy and draft a response for Barbara."

"Rachel has had to master quite quickly how Parliament works, and has to deal with some incredibly complex issues," Ms Follett says. "Her job is relentless, so there is never a time when she can say 'Great, I've caught up'."

Ms Flagg, 24, began working as Ms Follett's political secretary two years ago, shortly after graduating from Leeds University with a degree in English literature. She assumed her present role when the previous incumbent left a year ago.

Ms Flagg is tolerant and efficient, qualities that her boss needs in a PA. "I love efficiency," says Ms Follett. "I'm impatient and want everything done yesterday, a bit like the constituents. I don't think I'm easy to work with. I'm not dire, but I'm not easy."

The MP gets up to load a pile of campaign literature into a metal basket. "I'm very tidy, although I was untidy as a girl. My sister used to hate me for it and complain to our mother."

Her tidy ways have certainly been an inspiration to Ms Flagg. "I've learnt from Barbara how to organise and prioritise my work," says the PA. "Before, I used to work on the first thing that hit my desk."

But Ms Follett insists that she is not naturally organised. "I became so out of sheer desperation when I had my first baby at 21," she says. "I don't think I could have a baby right now," her assistant interjects. Ms Follett replies: "It's amazing how you can. I fitted three in and I'm basically chaotic."

Ms Flagg's role is mentally challenging, constantly busy and sometimes frustrating, but she loves it. "I've done a lot of office jobs and I know what it's like to watch the clock. I'm never bored here, as every day I'm learning something new."

So would Ms Flagg like to become an MP? "When I watch Barbara in the House of Commons chamber with all those men jeering when she speaks, I think 'No way'," she says. "But give me ten years — I might have changed my mind by then."

 

 

THE TIMES WEDNESDAY JUNE 13 2001

 

1. What is used as the headline? How can you explain the author's choice?

2. What kind of readers will most probably be interested in the article? Explain your choice.

3. What objective did the author have in mind when splitting the material into numerous short passages? Did he achieve it?

4. How does the author portray the main character, directly or indirectly?

5. Why does the author choose to introduce a minor character?

6. What stylistic devices does the author employ? What is their function?  

 

 

ABSENT PARENTS MUST PAY

 

By Paula Hawkins

 

Luciana Morad, the Brazilian model and mother of Mick Jagger's seventh child, bucked a trend when she chose to name the boy Lucas Morad Jagger. According to a recent survey, six out of ten women believe the tradition of giving a child its father's surname is outdated. One in four would prefer to give their child their own name.

One suspects, however, that Morad's decision was influenced by something other than deference to the patriachy. She wants £5 million worth of child support from the ageing rocker.

Few of us would believe that we need £5 million to bring up a child, but the financial obligations of parents are immense. Housing, food, clothing, child-care, schooling and entertainment are estimated to add up to between £50,000 and £80,000 a child for the first 17 years of its life.

These figures may hint at what parents spend on their offspring, but what are their financial obligations towards a child? If you live with your children, you are clearly obliged to feed, clothe and care for them. But what do you owe if you do not live with them?

The child support system is complicated. Unless there was a court order for maintenance or a written maintenance agreement in place before April 1993, financial obligations to children are determined by the Child Support Agency (CSA). It works out the amount that a non-resident parent pays according to a formula that takes into account no fewer than 100 pieces of information about both parents' circumstances.

In broad terms, the CSA formula focuses on three issues: the basic cost of supporting the child, including childcare; both parents' income, net of tax, national insurance, pension contributions, housing costs and other day-to-day expenses; which parent the children live with and whether the non-resident parent has other dependent children living with him or her.

If a parent fails to pay child support, the CSA can order deductions from earnings. In extreme cases it can also freeze bank accounts and order repossessions. Some parents have been sent to jail, but this is rare. Last month's White Paper on child maintenance included proposals to confiscate passports and drivers' licences, but there are no plans to introduce these measures immediately.

There are safeguards against too oppressive a system — absent parents will pay no more than 30 per cent of their net income towards support. In addition they are guaranteed to be better off in employment and paying child support than unemployed and relying on benefits. The minimum amount payable, regardless of how many non-resident children are involved, is £5.20 a week, unless you are disabled or have other dependent children living with you.

The system is to be radically simplified after 2001, when the Government will introduce reforms so that absent parents will pay a fixed percentage of their salary per child. The non-resident parent will pay 15 per cent of his or her salary for the first child, 20 per cent for two offspring, and 25 per cent for three or more. The reforms will apply only to new cases.

The amendment is controversial because the scheme will take into account only the salary of the absent parent, not that of the adult with whom the children live. This could mean that a highly paid, independently wealthy woman with three children could receive £4,500 a year in maintenance payments from a man who earns just £18,000 a year net.

This is unlikely to be a problem in the Morad-Jagger case. While Morad is a highly paid, independently wealthy woman, it is doubtful whether maintenance payments will be a source of significant financial strain for Jagger.

 

1. Read the headline. What type of readers is the article intended for?

2. Read the first passage. Have you changed your viewpoint?

3. Determine the structure of the article. What information does each structural component contain?

4. What means does the author employ to make the article more accessible?

5. Make a list of keywords. Use it to formulate the main ideas of the article.

 

 

1999: A DIAMOND YEAR FOR WEDDINGS

 

                        By Alan Hamilton

 

This year looks like breaking all records for diamond wedding anniversary celebrations. In the coming week the Queen will dispatch more than twice s many cards of congratulation to 60-year marriages than in any other year of her reign.

The reason is not too hard to find: in 1939, Britain had gone to war, and there is no spur to romance like the threat of death or long separation.

This Christmas week 1,221 diamond wedding couples will get the Queen's best wishes. Last year there were 653 in the same week. Since the start of 1999 Buckingham Palace has sent more than 2,300 diamond greetings, compared with barely 1,000 in an average year.

"The uncertainty of war; seems to have prompted many more people to marry in the winter of 1939, particularly at Christmas," a palace spokes man said yesterday.                                           

True enough. Loved ones knew that they were likely to be split up in the conflict. And as a result, the number of registered marriages in England and Wales shot up from a regular 361,000 in 1938 to 439,000 in 1939. But even by Christmas 1939, the war was still a phoney war and distant; Dunkirk and the battle of Britain had yet to happen to bring any reality of war to the home front. When conflict came closer, it produced the highest number of marriages in England and Wales since records began: 470,549 couples in 1940. So next year the Queen may need an even greater stock of greeting cards. As the war took hold and more single men were called up, many soon to die in action, marriage rates fell steadily, to below 300,000 by 1943. The 1939-40 figures have never been equalled since. The nearest that postwar England came to the record was in 1972, when 426,241 marriages were conducted. In 1997 there were a mere 272,500 nuptials. But the rush to the altar had its downside. In 1939, only 8,254 divorces were recorded in England and Wales. But by 1946, the first full year of peace, the divorce rate had rocketed to 29,829 as all those hurried pairings of six years before had been exposed in the cold light of dawn. But that was just the start. In 1947, there were more than 60,000 divorces, and that increasing trend has never faltered. Last year 145,000 marriages were ended. Four out of ten unions now fail. But there are also those that last, otherwise the palace would not be so busy. King George V began the tradition of sending royal greetings in 1917 but it underwent a seismic shift earlier this year. Because ВТ no longer could offer the traditional telegram service, the Queen now sends old-fashioned greeting cards by the post. They go to diamond wedding couples, centenarians, and those who go on to achieve the age of 105 and any birthday beyond. Since last June, the Queen's more elderly subjects have received a laser-printed card with an informal photograph of the Queen taken at Sandringham last winter, and a greeting above her signature.

Buckingham Рalace needs to know of impending diamond weddings or 100th birthdays. Relatives should send for an application form well in advance to the Assistant Private Secretary (Anniversaries), Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA. Proof of age or date of marriage will be required, but should not be sent until asked for.

1. Read the headline and point out some specific features of the headlinese. What is their role here?

2. The articles abounds in various statistics. How does the author make it more readable?

3. Family theme has always been high on priority list. Compare the situation in Great Britain and Belarus. What is being done to popularise the idea of lasting marriages?

4. Determine the function of the final passage. How does it differ from the rest of the article?

 

 

WHY FEW REMEMBER THOSE PHONE NUMBERS

 

                                By Rachel Metz

 

Hey, cellphone user, when was the last time you memorized a phone number?

If you're like some of the 176 million mobile-phone subscribers in the United States, it may have been before you got your cellphone, because — perhaps unintentionally — you've become reliant on the gadget as both a communication device and a phone book

Is technology, in this case, making people dumber? Or maybe there are just so many cell, home, business, pager and fax numbers in the United States — about 531 million, according to a recent government report—that consumers are simply taking advantage of a device more suited to number storage than the human brain

Edward Tenner, author of technology books like "Why Things Bite Back Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences" and a senior research associate at the National Museum of American History, traced part of the problem to the rise of 10-digit dialing, a change from the longstanding tradition of dialing seven digits to place a local call.

The human memory is best suited for recording information up to nine digits long, he said, but a phone number and its area code are 10 digits, which exceeds people's levels of comfortable memorization.” And that has all kinds of consequences," Dr Tenner said

He suggested that people were transferring part of their memory capacity to different tasks, like remembering passwords. "We have a lot more transactions of different kinds, most of which have a very small memory component," he said. "But when you add up all of those small memory components, they turn into something big.”

The rise of the cellphone as phone book simply "shows people” re flexible and are responsive to their environment In ways that ire efficient," said JantesE Katz, i communication professor and lirector of the Center for Mobile Communication Studies at Rut-jers University in New Jersey 8ut efficiency can also become de-jendency, and that carries risks "Their entire memory bank of ocial contacts is contained in that jhone,' he said "And if they lose hat phone, it becomes a grievous process to try and establish every one's phone number "

Jef f Gilhs, 24, a student at Teachers College at Columbia Unjversity in New York, knows the peVils of phone loss Over winter breakAe dropped his phone at a store in Boston, and it broke "I suddenly realized that I had no way of getting in touch with anyone," he said

The only number he remembered was his parents' home phone number, and for about a week or so he ended up sitting by a land line at their house "Every time the phone rang I was j umping for it" he said

Perhaps the most frustrating part was that Mr Gillis had been dating someone in Manhattan and couldn't get in touch with him until he returned to the city "I felt completely alone," he said

A study in Britain found that 29 An expert says learning the 10 digits of most phone numbers exceeds human memory capacity percent of those surveyed worried that if they lost their phones they would also lose contact with friends, colleagues and business associates whose numbers were in there Seventeen percent said their phone was the only place they kept such numbers                     

The survey was conducted by In-tervoice, a company based In Dallas that sought to convince mobile network operators of tne need for phone information protection and storage services, said a company spokeswoman.

Mr Gillis has bought a paper address book and has started writing information down "just in case anything would ever happen again, God forbid,' he said.

 

1. Read the headline . Does it give any hint at the content of the article?

2. What is the role of the direct address in the first paragraph?

3. What is the function of various placenames and propernames here? What the article lack without them?

 

 

GIRL 15, DIES AFTER TAKING DRUG AT A PARTY

 

                                 By Shirley English

 

A 15-YEAR-OLD schoolgirl who died after taking drugs for the first time at a Christmas Day party has become Scotland's youngest drugs victim this year.

Kerry-Ann Kirk, of Coat bridge, is believed to have taken methadone, a prescribed heroin substitute, during a friend's party supervised by adults. A post-mortem examination is to be carried out and a report submitted to the Procurator Fiscal. Police said that Kerry-Ann had no history of drug abuse.

Her body was found in the house at lpm on Boxing Day lying under covers in a bedroom upstairs. Her friend's parents, who had supervised the party, had thought that she had gone home with everyone else the night before. An ambulance was called, but she had been dead for some time, police said.

Yesterday her relatives were struggling to come to terms with the tragedy, which is the second to hit the family in recent months. Kerry-Ann's father, Gerard, died after a long illness this year. Her mother, Marie Kirk, 39, who works at Boots, said: "She was a beautiful girl and very popular with everyone. Christmas will never be the same for me or my family again."

She added: "She had nothing to do with drugs as far as we knew. She hated them. This must have just been some kind of experiment that has gone horribly wrong. If there were drugs involved, I would take it that someone put them in her drink or something like that. I do not think she would have taken them voluntarily."

The party was being held at the home of a school friend, Sean Stack. Yesterday his father, Kevin, said that he and his wife had been supervising the party and had seen nothing suspicious. Mr Stack added that only six teenagers had been at the party, which was held in the spare bedroom. He had checked on the youngsters regularly, he said.

Kerry-Ann is the seventh person to die of suspected drug abuse over the Christmas weekend in the Strathclyde Police area, and takes the total number of drug deaths in the region to a record 146 this year, a 50 per cent increase on the total for last year.

 

1. Read the headline and determine its function . Point out grammatical peculiarities of the headline and state their role.

2. What impact does the author achieve by using short paragraphs?

3. In what way does the author enhance the tragic nature of the accident? What does the author draw the readers' attention to?  

 

 

BEWARE BITES ABROAD

 

Rabies is still dangerous but can now be treated, says Dr Thomas Stuttaford.

 

SINCE THE DAYS of ancient Egypt man has hunted with dogs. On both sides of the Channel last week hunting dogs made the news. French TV made no mention of the troubles in the British Parliament, but dealt at length with a rabies scare.

The outbreak started in August when a dog was smuggled into the Bordeaux district of France from Morocco. It has since died of rabies. It couldn't have happened at a worse time, just before the French shooting season, and now everybody has to keep their shooting dogs at home until October 8. (The retrievers, pointers and field dogs in question would be known as shooting dogs in the UK.) The owner of the rabid dog is likely to be fined up to £10,000 and/ or to suffer two years in jail. Local opinion is that his greatest punishment will be the wrath of the local shooting fraternity.

In my old practice the rule was that everyone who was going to a rabies area for more than 30 days, even if they weren't great dog-lovers, was recommended to have the pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccination. Even if they were going for a shorter period, dog-lovers who couldn't resist patting every mutt that crossed their path were also recommended to have pre-exposure vaccination. Likewise, those who because of their job or hobbies were likely to be exposed to rabies were also vaccinated.

Rabies has a very long incubation period. The closer the bite is to the brain, the faster the disease progresses but at some time four days after the initial bite, even if it has healed, it will become itchy and inflamed. The average incubation period after a bite on the face is 35 days and one after a bite on a limb is 52 days. There have been cases in which the incubation period may be as long as a year, or even longer, but usually it is between three weeks and three months.

After the initial symptoms involving the wound site, together with feelings of general malaise and headache, rabies can be divided into furious rabies and dumb rabies.

In furious rabies the principle features are restlessness, agitation, aggressiveness and uncharacteristically unreasonable behaviour, occasionally involving a sensitivity to water (hence the old name hydrophobia). Even a splash of water may provoke violent painful spasms.

If the spine is predominantly involved, rather than the brain, dumb or paralytic rabies ensues. In dumb rabies there is an increasing paralysis, starting usually in the bitten limb but spreading to the rest of the body, and as this includes the sphincters, so the patient becomes incontinent. Hydrophobia is less common in dumb rabies than in furious rabies. Almost inevitably, with both forms of the disease, the patient dies. Few survive more than a week before dying of asphyxia or exhaustion.

Louis Pasteur devised a form of vaccination against rabies over a hundred years ago, but too often then the vaccination was almost as bad as the disease. Fortunately, modern vaccination is safe. Ten million people, mainly in Africa, Asia, South America and India, every year need post-exposure vaccination, after being bitten by a suspect animal. Despite this treatment and the availability of pre-exposure vaccination, the World Health Organisation estimates that every year 50,000 people die from rabies. One of the countries where rabies is still endemic is Thailand, and visitors who are likely to come in contact with dogs are advised to have pre-exposure vaccination. In Bangkok there are 300 human deaths each year from rabies and more than 150,000 people have post-exposure vaccipation. A survey a few years ago, reported in Traveler's Health, showed that between 1 per cent and 3 per cent of visitors to Thailand were bitten by a dog when on holiday and just under 9 per cent had been licked by dogs.

Treatment for rabies after being bitten by an animal that could be suffering from rabies includes the initial cleaning and irrigation of the wound with soap and water and, if available, the common cleansing compound benzalkonium chloride. This is important even if the patient has had pre-exposure vaccination. The cleansing solution should be flushed deep into the puncture wounds. The wound should not be stitched.

Different experts have minor variations in their treatment regimes after a bite but one popular schedule is the use of both passive and active immunisation given concurrently but never into the same anatomical site.

Expert advice is essential after a bite from any animal in a country where rabies exists. If an approved treatment plan is followed it is estimated that only in one in a million cases is it ineffective. This is usually either because the recommended regime wasn't carefully followed or because the wounds were extensive and on the head and neck. Boosters for the pre-exposure vaccine are needed if the titre of blood antibody levels falls too low. Other doctors recommend routine re-vaccination every two to five years, or after a bite.

 

1. Determine the function of the headline. Point out pecularities of the headline and state their role.

2. Determine the function of the subheadline.

3. Make a list of medical terms used in the article. Can any of them serve as key words. Explain your choice.

4. Which periodical is most suitablefor the article? Why?   

 

 

BIRD FLU HITS SOUTHERN RUSSIAN REGIONS

                         

    By Aglaya Raskatova

                                   

According to the Russian Ministry for Emergency Situations, more than 1,5 mln birds died from bird flu in the past five months in Russia, with the "third wave" of the disease covering southern Russia. Meanwhile, an expert from the Russian Virology Institute has warned that up to one third of the world's population could come down with the flu if the virus mutates.

Eight regions of the Southern Federal District — Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia, Adygea, Northern Ossetia-Alania, Krasnodar and Stavropol — all on the route that migrating birds take in the spring —have been hit with the disease.

Twenty-two private farms and 3 battery farms in 15 districts of Dagestan have been reportedly infected. In the Krasnodar region, bird flu cases have been registered in 11 provinces. In the Stavropol region, bird flu cases have been revealed on small private farms situated in Neftekumsky, Shpakovsky and Izbilnensky districts and in the town of Kislovodsk.

Kalmykia and Adygea are currently at the beginning of the bird flu attack with one disease case in each of the regions. In Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya, Northern Ossetia-Alania the flu has afflicted fowl only. Astrakhan region is under a cloud of rapidly spreading disease. Mass culling of birds began there in autumn, but bird flu wasn't confirmed by laboratory analyses. Parygino, a small village, may become the first officially recognized infected locale there. Preliminary results of veterinary analyses of the sick village birds prove that the flu caused their illness.

Local veterinary departments are monitoring all types of battery farms in the affected regions. Mass culling of sick birds and birds which were in contact with their sick congeners has been launched there.

Fortunately, there is no sign of bird flu in Moscow. Nevertheless, city authorities are trying to undertake necessary measures to prevent the disease. In particular, the Veterinary Department has announced the launch of mass vaccinations of birds. Mobile veterinary stations are slated to be opened by the end of March, in time for the migrating birds that arrive in early April. The Moscow government is going to buy 50,000 vaccines from the Federal Agricultural Ministry.

"More than 3,5 mln rubles from the city budget will be assigned to take precautions against bird flu. These funds will provide for the work of 50 mobile stations for bird vaccinations. "We are going to place these stations near the Zoo, near the circuses in Tsvetnoi boulevard and Vernadsky prospect, ornithology farms and other city institutions where birds are kept. We are also planning to supply vaccines to veterinary clinics specializing in treating birds," said Sergey Filatov, head of the Anti-epizootic section of the Moscow Veterinary Department.

 

The Moscow News

 

1. Which passages give a full picture pertaining to the problem raited in the article. Explain your choice.

2. What does the author use to make the information accessible and memorable?

3. The opening passages are presented in an anxious and worried tone. Do you observe any tone change in the closing passages?

 

 

PIONEER IN CLONING APOLOGIZES

Korean used eggs donated by aides

                                    

By Choe Sang-Hun

 

SEOUL: The South Korean pioneer in cloning research resigned his official posts Thursday and apologized for lying about the sources of eggs used in his work, which has caused an ethical controversy that has mounted over the past two weeks.

While there was no immediate indication that Hwang Woo Suk's humiliation would damage the leading role South Korea has in stem cell and cloning research, his nascent plan to attract worldwide expertise to the country may suffer a setback.

Hwang, a veterinarian professor at Seoul National University, said he was resigning as head of the World Stem Cell Hub, which he initiated last month to pool global resources to find cures for spinal cord injuries, diabetes, Alzheimer's and other diseases. Experts said they fear the controversy could undermine support from U.S. scientists, which Hwang has called important for his center. But they said that because the hub remained in a conceptual stage, it was too soon to assess whether Hwang's decision to step down, although largely symbolic, would have any significant impact on its development. At the same time, the experts said the ethical controversy was unlikely to affect South Korea's status as a global leader in the cloning field.

Hwang's admission was "a great shock, but I don't see any significant impact on South Korean stem cell research," said Han Yong Mahn, a scientist at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. "This will serve as an occasion for us to make our research more mature."

Hwang said he was giving up all official titles so that he could focus on research and reclaim his reputation. The government stood behind him, reconfirming its generous financial support for Hwang's research. South Korea treats Hwang as a national hero. He was recognized last year as the first scientist to clone a human embryo and extract stem cells from it. In August, he unveiled Snuppy, the world's first cloned dog.

But his reputation was damaged by his admission Thursday that two junior scientists on his team donated eggs for its research, an act considered problematic because of concern that coercion by seniors might play a role.

"I was blinded by work and a drive for achievement," a grim-faced Hwang told a nationally televised news conference. "I should have slowed down my pace to make sure that everything was up to global standards. I didn't, and now I find myself in shameful misery.

"I offer my heartfelt apology to the people of South Korea and to domestic and international scientific communities," he said.

Another admission by Hwang was that a doctor on his team had paid women to donate eggs for its groundbreaking I research on cloning a human embryo. Hwang's admissions confirmed the key allegations in the ethical controversy over his research. Earlier Thursday, however, an institutional review board of Hwang's school cleared him and his team of any legal or ethical violations.

 

International Herald Tribune

 

1. Read the headline and state it function.

2. Determine the function of the subheadline.

3. Make a list of terms, used in the article. Do the terms give a hint at the nature of the topic discussed?

4. What means does the author use to enhance the reability of the article.

5. What are your views on cloning? Are you for of against?   

 

 

PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS GIVEN SEPARATE BUS STOPS

 

                               By David Lister

 

SECTARIAN rioting at a North Belfast flashpoint has become so bad that Protestants and Catholics have been given separate bus stops.

Ron Martin, 55, used to be so worried about catching the bus that he would stand at the edge of the Protestant White City estate every morning and wait until he saw it coming down the road before crossing to reach the stop.

 Now he waits at the Protestant bus stop, looking downhill to the Catholic stop 80 yards away. They are just two lampposts apart, but his neighbours waiting down the street might as well be aliens. They come from a different world — the nationalist Greencastle estate.

Mr Martin said that he was "relieved beyond words" now that Protestants had their own bus stop. "I've had stones thrown at me while getting on and off the bus, and had verbal abuse as well," he said.

Once on the bus Protestants and Catholics sit side by side and there is rarely any trouble. "There are Catholics on the bus and they are normal people like ourselves. It was just the thugs standing at the bus stop who caused the trouble," Mr Martin said.

Translink, the Northern Ireland bus company, said yesterday that it had moved the bus stop closer to White City after receiving complaints from local Protestants, but had then erected a second stop after Catholics from the Greencastle estate said they felt unsafe at the new location.

Mark Breslin, a Greencastle community worker who catches the bus several times a week, complained that people were being labelled.

"It means that something as simple as standing at a bus stop makes you vulnerable to being attacked," he said. "Why stop with separate bus stops? Why not have two separate buses or Catholics at the back and Protestants at the front?"

Both sides blame the other for the violence that has brought an almost constant police presence to the area, where stone-throwing and rioting erupts without fail every weekend. Across the peace line, Geraldine McKernon, who has lived in Greencastle for 14 years, says she is "terrified" to walk up the Whitewell Road for fear of being attacked by loyalists but does not believe that separate bus stops are the answer. "To me it's a terrible thing. You can pass a bus stop and say that person is a Protestant and that person is a Catholic?"

 

International Herald Tribune                 

Friday, November 25,2005

 

1. Read the headline. Does it contain a hint at the venue of the events described? Will the author mention this venue? What for?

2. Characterize the tone of the article. What helps the author create this kind of tone.

 

 

HOLLYWOOD EMBRACES ONLINE DISTRIBUTION MONSTER

 

Joshua Chaffin reports on how film studios are finally getting to grips with the digital age and the lessons they have learnt from the music industry

 

For the past five years, Hollywood has been watching the music industry's shaky transition to the digital age with a mixture of horror and curiosity. The only factor sparing them from the epidemic of piracy and illegal file-sharing that ravaged the music business, many realised, was the added time needed to download a film compared with a song.

 The lesson that emerged was that it was crucial to offer consumers a legitimate digital marketplace, or they would create their own. It was a point underscored in frightening fashion last year when films such as Revenge of the Sith, the latest Star Wars offering, appeared on websites even before arriving in theatres.

The past two weeks have seen a trickle of announcements about experiments by Warner Brothers and Universal Pictures to sell films online in England and the Netherlands, respectively. Yet the industry's most ambitious attempt to manage its shift to the digital world - and perhaps even profit from it - came with today's announcement of new, upgraded features at Movielink, an online joint venture founded by a group of the largest studios nearly four years ago.

For the first time, Movielink will allow customers to purchase films online, as opposed to just renting them. And it will release many of its titles on the same day they arrive in store on DVD, erasing what used to be a lag of up to two months.

"The priority at Warner Brothers is the consumer, and our focus is on ensuring our product is available on as many platforms with as much flexibility, functionality and portability as the consumer desires," says Kevin Tsujihara, head of the studio's home entertainment group.

Variations of that phrase are echoed by Universal, Paramount, Sony Pictures, MGM and 20th Century Fox, also involved in the scheme. It might have been borrowed from a press release accompanying the introduction of Apple's iTunes, which seems to have been the inspiration for the Movielink services.

Hollywood began to embrace the idea of digital downloads after a visit to Washington to lobby Congress. "When we first went to Washington and asked for help fighting piracy, what came back was that it was important for us to have a legitimate offering," says Rick Finkelstein, president and chief operating officer of Universal Pictures.

Yet the studios were slow to support Movielink. While they felt the need to create an online market in order to discourage piracy, they feared that publishing movies on the internet without robust digital rights management would worsen theft.

That concern seems to have been allayed by Microsoft's Windows Media format, which will limit the number of copies customers can make of each film. "It really has taken time to get confident in the digital rights management," says Jim Ramo, Movielink's chief executive.

 Another issue was Wal-Mart. The retailer is the world's largest seller of DVDs, which account for the majority of Hollywood's profits. As such, no studio could afford to disrupt the relationship and be relegated to Wal-Mart's bottom shelf.

Yet that mindset appears to have changed after cinema attendance fell 8 per cent last year, creating a new imperative for Hollywood to reach young, tech-savvy consumers who may be more interested in video games and the internet as entertainment options. The studios may have also been emboldened by a slowdown in DVD sales after years of double-digit growth.

"They can't expect us not to pursue opportunities like this. It's a new business world," Mr Finkelstein says, hift in strategy, the service is at first likely to appeal to only a small group of early adopters. Microsoft and other companies are intent on changing the habits of many technology-shy consumers who do not yet know how to connect their computers and televisions.

In the meantime, studios say to expect more digital distribution agreements. They have already held talks with Amazon.com and other online retailers, and also plan to establish their own branded sites. As Mr Ramo says: "This year is the beginning."

 

1. Read the headline. Does it contain any hint at further content?

2. Scan the text of the article and make a list of world famous companies. Does it affect your opinion about the possible content? 

3. Single out structural components of the article. What is their role? What information does each component contain?

4. What means does the author use to make the information more digestible and reliable?

5. Make a resume of the article. Start with the final sentence

"This year is the beginning "

 

 

STUDIOS GEAR UP FOR DIGITAL DELIVERY

                                                                                                                By Joshua Chaffin

A group of Hollywood's largest studios will today offer consumers the ability to download and own films from the internet on the same day that they are released on DVD, marking a milestone in the industry's embrace of digital distribution.

The service is being launched by Movielink, an online joint venture formed in 2002 by MGM Studios, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal Studios and Warner Brothers.

The company has been slow to gain traction because it previously received films from the studios 30 to 60 days after they were released on DVD, and could only rent them to customers on a temporary basis.

The founding studios, along with News Corp's 20th Century Fox, have agreed to adapt the service so that customers will be able to purchase the films and store them permanently on a hard-drive.

The films, including such recent hits as King Kong and Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire, can be transferred to two additional personal computers.

They can also be copied onto a back-up disc, although it will not be compatible with DVD players.

"It's an important milestone," said Rick Finkelstein, president and chief operating officer of Universal Pictures, a division of GE, whose film, Brokeback Mountain, will be the first to appear simultaneously on Movielink and in DVD format tomorrow.

Digital distribution could supply higher margins than traditional DVD sales since there is no cost of shipping and inventory.

However, the studios have been reluctant to release their best product on Movielink and other on-demand services in a timely manner because of fears of damaging relations with retail partners, such as Wal-Mart and Tesco, which they rely on to sell DVDs. There are also concerns about piracy.

That reluctance appears to have dropped amid the growing popularity of services such as Apple's iTunes online music store, and with the emergence of new 'digital rights management' software to hinder pirates.

"We think that 2006 is really the year where the studios have become confident about digital rights management and are now willing to open up the business model," said Jim Ramo, Movielink's chief executive.

 

1. Study the headline. Point out its grammatical peculiarities and their function. Does the headline contain a hint at the main idea of the article.

2. Scan the text of the article, point out abbreviations and decipher them.

3. What means does the author use to make the information accessible and reliable.

 

 

NICE SMILE. ENID BLYTON SHE ISN’T

 

Children's author Jacqueline Wilson sells more books than John Grisham. Catherine O'Brien talks to the voice of the 'tweenage' generation parents of children aged between seven and 14 need no introduction to Jacqueline Wilson. Those who have rising sevens need to start paying attention. As the fourth best-selling author in the UK, ahead of John Grisham, Joanne Harris and Terry Pratchett, her novels are the foremost voice of today's "tweenage" generation.

It has been said that Wilson's books are the sort that children like, but that make adults uncomfortable; when you look between the jaunty, candy-coloured covers, you can see why. The first-person narrative is chatty and warm but the subject matter is invariably dark: death, divorce and abandonment are common themes. In Wilson's world, as in reality, adults don't always put the best interests of their children first.

One comfort for those who may feel anxious about their offspring being exposed to such grittiness is that, until now, Wilson devotees were usually reading about someone worse off than themselves. Hard-boiled, vulnerable Tracy Beaker lives in care, while Marigold's children in The Illustrated Mum must put up with her manic-depressive mood swings. Home is often a sink estate and visits from social workers are a fact of life.

In her new novel, however, Wilson ventures for the first time into middle-class territory. Secrets centres on the friendship between Treasure — a typical Wilson child who has moved into her Nan's council flat to escape her brutish stepfather — and India Upton, who languishes a stone's throw away in a large detached house. India's father is a stressed executive; her mother has her own designer childrenswear label which is frequently featured in Vogue. Unfortunately India is too fat to model the clothes herself, so her mother is constantly putting her on faddy diets. It is the only significant parental attention India receives.

"If you have problems with your mum and dad, I think it is exactly the same whether your parents earn a fortune or nothing at all," says Wilson. "Children can have a lot more in common than we realise. As someone who was brought up one way, and yet, simply through circumstances, now has lots of well-heeled, arty, upper-middle-class friends, I see both sides."

Wilson's classlessness helps to explain her affinity with young readers. At 56 she is tiny, twinkly and dressed entirely in black, down to her pointed "witchy" boots. Her fingers and thumbs are adorned with chunky silver rings, which she wears partly because she likes them and partly because they are a talking point with the children she meets on her frequent visits to schools and libraries, and when she is going around Sainsbury's. "They often come up and say, 'Are you Jacqueline Wilson?' and then tney are completely struck dumb," she explains. "But the rings mesmerise them — and they can always try them on." Although the sales of her books — a dizzying six million in total — could have bought her an India Upton-style mansion, she prefers the cramped terraced house in Kingston, Surrey, that has been her home for more than 25 years. Walking through the hall is like an obstacle course. Teetering columns of books and CDs are stacked along the walls and up the stairs while thousands more line the walls of the converted garage. In the dilapidated kitchen, posters and cards are pinned to every surface.

You can't help thinking that, domestically at least, Wilson is a "tweenager" who never grew up. She was raised on a nearby council estate, although "not a particularly tough one". Wilson remembers her civil servant father, who died 24 years ago, as "quite frightening at times. He was not somebody I was relaxed around. He could lose his temper very quickly and he could sulk for weeks, too." Her mother, an antiques dealer who still dabbles, had a more even temperament but could never get inside her daughter's head. "When I was very little, I would mutter as I was playing imaginary games and she would frequently tell me, 'Stop doing that, stop looking so gormless'," Wilson recalls.

Like many of the characters in her books, Wilson was shy and awkward, but she also had a feisty side, and a pronounced sense of justice. When she was about 11, she remembers having a friend whose mother was dying of cancer. "She was going through this really awful, horrible time. Once she had been crying in the loos, I was with her and when we went back into class the teacher shouted at us both for being late. I was so incensed that I shouted back, and said how dare he talk to her like that. I must have taken the wind out of his sails because he didn't tell her off again."

Wilson is a compulsive writer who was filling Woolworth's exercise books from the age of nine. On leaving school at 16 she secured a job with the publishers DC Thompson in Dundee. While she was there they launched the teen magazine Jackie, named after her because "everyone in the office just thought it sounded right". By 19 she had met her husband, Millar, a policeman. He rose to the rank of chief superintendent and they returned to Kingston. Their daughter, Emma, was born when Wilson was just 21.

From then on she wrote magazine fiction "to pay the bills" and several crime novels, which were published to good but not rave reviews. She worked in the evenings, leaving herself free to entertain Emma during the day. "I wouldn't recommend marrying and having a baby so young," she says. "But what was wonderful was that because I really wasn't very mature myself. We could play tea-party games in ways that I adored."

Was she a good mother? "I was a cuddly mum. I always listened and read aloud but I was hopeless on the domestic front. I couldn't drive or produce endless interesting meals, and my huge minus point was that I would flap if Emma was ten minutes late home from school. I would tryhard not to show that I was anxious, but of course she knew. I think it is a bore if you have a worrying mum, yet I can't seem to help it."

Emma teaches French literature at Cambridge University. There are no grandchildren, "which is a bonus, because when I am lucky enough to see my daughter we have a lovely time in art galleries and at the shops".

Certainly there is no shortage of contact with children in her working life. As well as the book-signings and school visits, she receives about 300 letters a week and replies to them all. "I feel that if they have taken the trouble to write to me, I jolly well need to write back."

Five years ago, Wilson's husband left her after 33 years of marriage. Did her success have a bearing on their separation? "I honestly don't know," she says. "He went off with someone else. How do I know how he felt?" Her first year alone was miserable, but she is happy now. "Being on your own has a lot going for it. I can go on book tours without worrying about him being left at home, and if I feel like having salad or bread and cheese three days running, I can do that too."

Wilson has written more than 70 novels. The Story of Tracy Beaker is currently a children's drama on BBC1. Double Act, the story of twins whose mum has died, has been adapted by Channel 4 and will be shown at Easter. Wilson has written the screenplay herself and even has a cameo role.

She has always written more often about girls than boys, because "I just know girls better". But she insists it is not her experiences that give her characters their authentic voice. "I just pretend the characters. I have always been good at sussing out the way people wanted me to be and becoming it. I think most writers are good at that; you can't take imaginative leaps into other people's minds unless you have that ability."

The only minds she doesn't leap into are those of parents. "I don't give them a fair representation," she says, "because my books are always written from the child's point of view, and children generally feel fierce about their mums and dads."

However, as an imperfect mother herself, she is certainly not standing in judgment. "There is no such thing as the perfect parent, which is just as well because if you were, you wouldn't be giving your children much preparation for real life, would you?"

 

Secrets by Jacqueline Wilson, Doubleday, £10.99

 

 

THE TIMES MONDAY FEBRUARY 25 2002

 

1. Study the headline. What grammatical device does the author use? What is its role?

2. Rephrase the headline.

3. Do you know the meaning of the following words and word-combinations used by the author: tweenage, tweenager, chatty, a stone's throw away, label, arty, well-heeled, a taking point, feisty, to take the wind out of one's sails, to sass out, garmless

4. Make a list of keywords.

5. Make a resume of the aricle. Start with the sentence"her books are always written from the child's point of view"

 

 

A MAN IN TUNE WITH HIS TIMES

 

As the composer's 70th birthday nears, Andrew Clark finds him as much in demand as ever.

If you had to name one composer of our time who invoked the spirit of Mozart's time, who would it be? I nominate Sir Richard Rodney Bennett. He writes music when commissioned to do so, which is a lot. He composes for available forces, big or small. He delivers on time, without fuss. Once his pieces have been performed, he lets them go. Oh, and he performs a lot - others' music as well as his own. He is the artisan-composer par excellence. But the world of music these past 50 years has not had much in common with Mozart's time, so Bennett -born 70 years ago this month got passed off as a chameleon, too commercially successful for his own good. He has done everything, from percussion concertos to Pizza on the Park, fanfares to Four Weddings and a Funeral. The composer who started out admiring Elisabeth Lutyens and studying with Pierre Boulez - two icons of musical modernism ended up playing jazz and cabaret. The bottom line is that Bennett is still busy, and audiences love to hear him perform - so much so that in the weeks surrounding his birthday on March 29, it is going to be hard to avoid him. Tonight he begins an extended cabaret tour through southern England with the singer Claire Martin, and on Thursday his new cello concerto, commissioned by Prince Charles in memory of the Queen Mother, will be premiered by Paul Watkins at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall. Later in the month there's a film composition class at Dartington, Devon, and on the eve of his birthday he takes part in a Wigmore Hall "songbook" recital in his honour. Then there's the BBC's composer portrait at the Barbican on April 8, including a performance of his personal favourite, the Third Symphony.

That's some birthday celebration. Bennett, portly but young-at-heart, seems surprised - and chuffed - by the plethora of events. A longtime resident of New York, where he has a non-cohabiting partner, three cats and a social life, he remains English to his fingertips. I found him last week looking very much at home in his new pied a terre at Wimbledon, into which he had moved the previous day.

So how does he explain his phenomenal ear, which has allowed him since childhood to write and play music at the drop of a hat? Bennett needs no time for reflection. "My mother was a pupil of Hoist. She had perfect pitch and so have I. Music was in our house: it was like being able to look at something and draw it. But it's not an extraordinary talent - this is not false modesty - because there are thousands of people with a good ear."

Really? Bennett cites the recently published theory that everyone is born with perfect pitch, "and unless you use it, it withers away". In Bennett's case perfect pitch, prolific ideas and a personable manner led to film scores at 19 and studies with Boulez at 21. He cherishes both. Film work turned him into a jobbing composer with an independent income; Boulez gave him a technique and a sense of harmonic coherence, "always more important than melody".

Unlikely as it may seem for a composer who now writes nothing but tonal music, Bennett cut his teeth on the avant-garde. "I'm the English link with Darmstadt [the German town that became the seedbed of modernism in the 1950s and 60s]. I was really involved [in 12-tone music, modernism's article of faith], I played a lot of it, but I came out not wanting to write it ever again. I didn't want to become one of those hardcore composers: it's too restrictive, too centred on yourself. Darmstadt was thrilling for three weeks, but a whole year in that environment? No thanks." Bennett returned to England, became flavour of the 60s with two symphonies and a Sadler's Wells opera premiere (The Mines of Sulphur) and continued to divide his talents between high art and low. "Perhaps it would have been better if I had pursued a hermitlike existence, writing string quartets. But that's not my nature. I had to write all kinds of styles - I just kept them in different rooms. They were equally important rooms, but I didn't confuse them."

That's why Bennett took so easily to working with Cleo Laine in the late 1960s. "She was singing a kind of music that was natural to me." Does that mean he just drifted across from classical? "That's not how it was at all. I was playing jazz from the age of eight, but for a long time it was only a private pleasure."

The tables have since turned: he has given up the classical piano, confining his public performances to cabaret. "It was different in the 50s and 60s. No one played serious contemporary music on piano. That's why we did it" - the "we" referring to his close friend and fellow composer Cornelius Cardew, who died in 1981.

Even his composing for classical forces has started to tail off. "It gets harder and harder, I haven't got the stamina any more. I'm more interested in painting now. Composers never retire, but I don't accept so many commissions. Thank God for my film income."

Ah yes, the films - the best known being Gormenghast for the BBC and Four Weddings. Bennett's memory of the latter is not as amusing as the film. "My music was shredded. The producers saw the film was going to be a success, so they put in a lot of pop. That's their choice, but then I was sued by a French composer who had written an awful tune for a TV drama that was shown just once, and it apparently started with the same four or five notes as mine. It was as if someone was saying that, after writing 50 film scores, I'd nicked someone else's tune. It left me with a sour taste" - and a £25,000 legal bill.

Does he never have a lingering suspicion that he might have spread his talents too wide? "That's for others to judge. All I can say is, in the words of the Sondheim song, 'I'm still here'."

 

1. Study the article and comment on its stylistic peculiarities

2. Comment on the following idioms, used by the author: the bottom line, by the plethora of events, to remain English to ones fingertips, to cut ones teeth on smth, to get the stamina.

3. Does the article have a traditional structure? Point out its component

4. Make a resume of the article.

 

 

BRITISH AIR TERROR PLOT SENDS SHOCKWAVES

 

By Kate Roach

 

On Tuesday, British police detained a new suspect in the uncovered plot to blow up U.S.-bound passenger jets over the Atlantic, bringing the number of alleged terrorists who are now in custody to 21

 

 

The bust was the first one since last week's massive arrest when 24 suspects were arrested throughout the United Kingdom.

The recent announcement came after police said they raided two Internet cafes near the homes of some of the suspects, another news report claiming that officers may have found a rifle and a pistol during their search of the surrounding area, AP reported.

The suspect, who has not been named, was arrested in the Thames Valley region, a Scotland Yard spokeswoman said. It is not known whether the suspect is a man or a woman, but they are being held at a local police station and being questioned by police officers.

"The person who was arrested under the Terrorism Act 2000 on suspicion of being involved in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism is in custody at police station in Thames Valley area," the spokeswoman added.

Investigators, meanwhile, are hard pressed to keep their catch behind bars, having to prove at closed hearing scheduled for Wednesday that the suspects should indeed be kept in custody without charges. Under new anti-terror laws, British security services have up to four weeks to hold suspects without charge, but they must periodically present their case before a judge to be able to continue the confinement. The police have intensified their examinations of the homes and businesses of arrested suspects, looking for clues into the alleged plot.

Also on Tuesday, it was reported that the plot was financed by a Pakistani charity, set up to collect funds for earthquake relief. The charity, called Jamaat-ud-Dawa, received $10 million from the British and had allegedly diverted funds for the terror plot in the United Kingdom. Pakistani Foreign Office denied these allegations, calling the reports "absurd." However, U.S. and British media reported that the money was channelled by Jamaat-ud-Dawa's offices in England and that three Britons were arrested in Pakistan in relation to the plot.

Perhaps one of the most surprising reactions from the ripples sent by the unmasked plot was the United States' refusal to connect it with al-Qaeda.

"It looks like something al-Qaeda would do," White House spokesman Tony Snow stated, speaking to reporters after President George W. Bush visited the US National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC).

 "But our intelligence, at this point, does not permit us to say with confidence that that was the case," Snow said.

"Before we actually claim al-Qaeda, we want to make sure that we... Could prove it to you," the AFP quoted Snow as saying.

Earlier, President Bush himself used the same words, saying that although the plot bore the hallmarks of al-Qaeda, he wouldn't say anything on the subject without absolute proof.

While travellers still face problems at airports both in Britain and the U.S., with flight delays and increased security screening, experts believe these will not have a major effect on air travel industry. Meanwhile, in Russia, Aeroflot and Airlines have banned bringing; liquids aboard flights to the U States, Anna Zakharenkova, head of the Sheremetyevo airport press service, told journalists. Passengers may no longer bring beverages, shampoo, and sunscreen, creams, and toothpaste and hair gel board as hand luggage. They can take baby formula and juices, medicines upon presentation of a prescription and insulin and other vital drugs without showing a prescription. Any beverages purchased after passing border control and customs must be consumed before boarding flights, Interfax reported.

 

THE MOSCOW NEWS

1. Study the hedline. Does it contain a hint at the main topic raised in the article?

2. What are grammatical peculiarities of the aricle? What role do they play?

3. Comment on the meaning of the following word-combinations: to send shockwaves, to keep one's catch behind bars, an alleged plot.

4. What does the author use to make the article more actual and reliable.

 

 

RUSSIAN RECLUSE MATH GENIUS TURNS DOWN $ 1 MILLON PRIZE

                                    

By Adam Kleszewski

                              

Dr. Grigory Perelman, a Russian mathematician formerly with the St. Petersburg Steklov Mathematics Institute has solved the Poincare Conjecture, said to be the most complicated math problem in the world. According to general consensus, the 40-year-old Perelman has effectively cracked the problem that had plagued some of the greatest minds of the last century, thus becoming eligible for the $1 million prize established by the Clay Mathematics Institute, a private maths research institute in the U.S.

Perelman, however, appears to be uninterested in either honors or money. He has repeatedly been described by fellow scholars as a shy and private man. In the 1990's, he turned down a prestigious prize from the European Mathematical Society. Moreover, Perelman is said to have resigned his position at the Steklov Institute in the spring of 2003, and since then his whereabouts have been unknown to the mathematical world.

As many people would like to get in contact with him, he is nowhere to be found. Friends and colleagues say he is in the Russian forrests, picking mushrooms. This reminds some observers of previous examples of "disappearances" of extremely talented mathematicians from the mathematical scene, including Alexander Grothendieck.

"I just don't see him turning up in a stretch limo with four over-endowed women and waving his cheque in the air. It's not his style," Jeremy Gray, a math historian at the University of Oxford, was quoted as saying.

Three years ago, Perelman published several papers online explaining his idea for proving the conjecture, but after giving lectures at MIT and several other schools he returned to Russia, where he's remained silent since. Now, mathematicians in the U.S. and other countries have finally finished going over his work and have produced several papers, totalling 1000 pages that give step-by-step, complete proofs of the conjecture.

In addition to winning some or all of the $1 million Millennium Prize, Perelman now seems to be the forerunner for the Fields Medal at the International Mathematical Union. The Fields Prize is the mathematical analogue of the Nobel Prize, conferred once in four years at the international mathematics congress.

The prize is to be awarded next week, but it remains unclear whether Perelman will actually show up to receive it in person.

Some of Perelman's colleagues, however, have criticized his disinterest in cash prizes, saying that due to the poor state of the Math Institute building in St. Petersburg, the latter could certainly use some funding for repairs and restoration.    

 

THE MOSCOW NEWS

 

1. Study the headline, comment on its lexical and grammatical peculiarities. Rephrase it.

2. Scan the article, point out the names of various organizations. Why does the author use so many of them?

3. Make a personality profile of the main character.

 

 

NEW WAYS TO PLAY THE NAME GAME

 

Gary Silverman considers the pros and cons of using the company title on your wares.

Just as nature abhors a vacuum, companies hate missing an opportunity to leverage their assets. It is an instinct that has led many to consider whether they can get more out of their own names - in other words, to create corporate brands in addition to their product brands.

The question is particularly relevant for companies in the consumer-goods sector, which typically market their wares under a variety of different names - such as Unilever's Dove soap, Procter & Gamble's Crest toothpaste or Nestle's Nescafe coffee.

And while not all companies are responding in the same manner, some branding experts say they detect an increasing willingness on the part of many of their leading corporate clients to think of ways of using names to greater effect.

The unveiling two years ago of a new Unilever "U" logo - made up of 25 icons representing different aspects of its business - and the growing prominence of such names as Nestle and Cadbury on packaging testifies to that desire, these experts say.                                

"We seem to be seeing a bit of a trend in companies looking to build power brands at the corporate level and then leverage those in a way that's visible to consumers," says Jasmine Montgomery,executive director for brand strategy at FutureBrand, a unit of Interpublic, the US marketing-services group. It defines a "power brand" as one with global potential, if not global scale.

Ms Montgomery says she believes that this trend developed in recent years as a result of economic necessity. Following the stock market downturn at the start of the decade, she says, big listed companies grew less interested in acquiring or developing new brands and more inclined to leverage the brand assets they already possessed.

This inclination led to brand pruning as big companies sought to direct resources to brands with global growth potential. It also led to brand extensions - the creation of Coca-Cola Zero and Diet Coke flavoured with Splenda instead of another Tab, an earlier diet cola from Coke.

Corporate branding was another manifestation of the trend and the interest in it has endured for both marketing and financial reasons.

On the traditional marketing front, companies that embrace corporate brands can use their names as a mark of quality, a strategy that can prove particularly helpful in boosting any weaker brands in a given corporate portfolio. As companies grow more inclined to demonstrate their "corporate social responsibility", they could be growing more willing to display their names as a way of getting credit for good works.

David Haigh, chief executive of Brand Finance, says companies such as WPP, the UK marketing services group, have used corporate branding as a way to differentiate themselves from competitors.

By serving clients through a specially created WPP team - such as its Team HSBC - the company is highlighting its ability to provide its customers with a range of marketing services, says Mr Haigh.

However, analysts caution that this approach might not suit companies with even broader product or service offerings. For instance, Jez Frampton, chief executive of Interbrand, a unit of Omnicom of the US, says P&G has sound reasons for using different names for its facial soap and floor soap products.

"Corporate umbrella branding is a constraint on corporate action," Mr Haigh says. "You have to have businesses that are consistent with one another."

Corporate branding can also create financial benefits, some involving tax. For example, a company based in a lower-tax jurisdiction could license its name to its operations in higher-tax countries in return for a royalty payment. The result would be that it could shelter some of its income from the authorities in a higher-tax locale.

"There are elements of intellectual property associated with brands," Mr Frampton says. "One of the things you need to take into consideration is that intellectual property has value."

Investors are another target of corporate branding campaigns. By putting its corporate name on its products, a company is reminding potential investors of the worthy brands in its portfolio - no small matter at a time when so much corporate compensation is tied to stock prices.

"In general, marketers have tended to think that product brands benefit from the corporate brands, but I think that corporate brands benefit from the product brands," Ms Montgomery says.

Corporate branding also can be used to motivate employees. Mr Frampton at Interbrand says this was one of the reasons Unilever introduced a new corporate brand in 2004 to support what it called its "vitality mission".

"One of the issues they have is they weren't getting a sense of 'Unileverness' among their people," he says. "You worked for one of the brands and then you left."

To be sure, there are dangers to corporate branding. For a start, it might just confuse consumers, or limit the ability of marketers to use targeted approaches to give their brands a more local feel. It is worth noting that P&G, a company widely acknowledged as a marketing leader, has not embraced corporate branding.

The other worry is the collateral damage that could result if something goes wrong with a particular product. Corporate branding, in other words, is not for the faint of heart.

 

1. Study the headline and comment on its function. What means does the author resort to make the headline catching and expressive?

2. What structural components can you single out? What is their role? What information do they contain?

3. Make a list of key words . Can you guess the topic raised in the article with the help of your list? Why? Why not? 

4. Comment on the meaning of the following word-combinations: the pros and cons, as nature abhors a vacuum, “power brand”.

SPORTING HEROES SET A BAD EXAMPLE FOR THE PLAYING FIELDS OF BRITAIN

                                        

By Alexandra Blair

                                  

SPORTS stars who cheat, argue with referees or fight with their opponents on the pitch are undermining authority in schools and making it harder to enforce discipline, a leading headmaster said yesterday.

As sporting celebrities have an increasing influence on children they must consider their actions and the message they deliver, he said.

David Kidd, chairman of the Incorporated Association of Preparatory Schools (IAPS) said that while schools were trying to instil children with a sense of values, their task was becoming more difficult as behaviour on the pitch worsened.

"Every time a player dives in the penalty area, or is seen on TV mouthing obscenities, every time a player pulls a shirt or feigns injury to get an opponent sent off, so our job becomes that much harder," he said.

Mr Kidd, who is headmaster of Culford Preparatory School in Suffolk and a lifelong supporter of Sunderland Football Club, was prompted to make his appeal after watching players defy a referee's decision and launch into a brawl during a match between West Bromwich Albion and Fulham last Saturday.

Although life in Britain's prep schools is very controlled, he said that attempts to enforce discipline are being undermined as children begin to copy the behaviour.

"It is difficult for young children to differentiate between good behaviour and bad... and occasionally we do now find children questioning referees' decisions, which is simply wrong," he said.

Mr Kidd's criticism is not confined to footballers. He also criticises thuggish rugby players who stamp on their opponents and cricketers who refuse to walk when they know they have "nicked" the ball.

"Some first-class cricketers cheat," he told IAPS members at their annual conference in Torquay. "The batsman who knows he has edged the ball into the wicketkeeper's gloves but stays at the crease is cheating.

"If he is given not out, every run he scores after that is dishonest. Batsmen should walk if they know they are out. Children can spot injustice very quickly. If we want our schools to be full of good, caring citizens who are pursuing all aspects of school life with vigour, honesty and enthusiasm, that's what we must do ourselves."

When Maradona punched the ball into goal in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final against England, the Argentinian footballer claimed that "the hand of God" was acting for him. Mr Kidd, who singles out golf for its discipline, is not so sure.

This week Roy Keane, the captain of Manchester United, was the latest footballer to hit the headlines for his antics off the pitch when he was charged with assault and criminal damage, relating to an incident on Hale golf course.

However, while the affairs of sports celebrities on and off the pitch now attract blanket coverage, Dr Andrew Parker, of Warwick University, says that sporting behaviour has improved in recent years.

As professionals, he says, sportsmen and women are passionate about their game and sometimes lose control, but the majority in the Barclaycard Premiership are aware of the "measure of cultural leverage" they have over children.

He cites David Beckham. "After he was given a red card in the 1998 World Cup, he made a conscious decision to recognise his status and improve his behaviour.

"What we don't see is the charity work they do and all the extra-curricular activities they do with children, so they have regular contact with them and are aware of their influence."

David Hart, general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, admits that pupils emulating bad behaviour on the pitch can be a problem, but the real difficulty comes when the parents give a bad example.

"The problem is getting worse, but the only real complaints we get are from schools bemoaning parents' behaviour on the touchline.

"Some of them get so emotional they behave even worse than footballers."

Do sportsmen have a duty to play fairly?

 

HALL OF SHAME

 

DIEGO MARADONA

As Diego Maradona and Peter Shilton converged on a looping ball during the World Cup quarter-final in 1986, the England goalkeeper reached out with his right arm to punch the ball clear. Maradona got a fist to the ball and it went in. "It was partly the hand of Maradona and partly the hand of God," Maradona said. Argentina won 2-1 and went on to win the Cup.

 

BORIS ONISCHENKO

An army officer from Ukraine, Boris Onischenko, a modern pentathlete and fencer, had wired his epee with a hidden pushbutton circuit-breaker that would trigger the eletronic scoring system and register a hit at will. Jim Fox, his British opponent, protested that Onishenko was scoring without hitting him and officials found that the weapon was rigged. He was disqualified from the Montreal Olympics in 1976, stripped of his army rank of major and became a taxi driver.

SYLVESTER CARMOUCHE

Carmouche was banned for four months after being found guilty of hiding his horse, Landing Officer — a 23-1 shot - in the thick fog for a circuit before rejoining a race at Louisana's Delta Downs Racetrack in 1990. The horse won by 24 lengths and came within 1.2sec of the track record. Carmouche was disqualified.

 

DAVID ROBERTSON

Playing in a qualifying event for the 1985 Open Championship in Deal, Kent, Robertson would arrive at the green first, appear to mark his ball, but instead pick it up and drop it much nearer the hole. He was fined and banned for 20 years from playing as a professional

 

BEN JOHNSON

Johnson broke the world record to win the 100 metres at the Seoul Olympics in 1988. Within hours, he had been tested and found positive for an anabolic steroid. Stripped of his gold, he served a two-year ban

 

CHICAGO WHITE SOX

Overwhelming favourites to win the 1919 baseball World Series, seven of the White Sox players accepted, in differing degrees, bribes offered by gamblers to throw the series. A jury cleared them of all charges, but they were barred from the sport.

 

1. Study the headline. Does it contain the main idea of the article in a nutshell? Comment on usage of "headline" words What is their function?

2. Make a list of keywords. What topic do they refer to?

3. Make a resume of the article?

 

 

TRUST IN THE SAFEKEEPING OF OUR ANGLICAN HERITAGE

 

By Marcus Binney

 

 IT TOOK the National Trust nearly half a century to start its country house scheme which today safeguards and opens 200 ancestral domains. So the Church of England can claim some satisfaction in having vested more than 300 fine and ancient parish churches in just three decades in the Churches Conservation Trust, a pioneering venture which like the National Trust itself has no precise parallel in Europe or North America.

From the start it has remained true to the words of its first chairman, the great church crusader Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, that the trust (originally known as the Redundant Churches Fund) would never decline any church that was offered to it for safekeeping.

The problem has usually been the other way round — the Church Commissioners, wary of the implications for church finances, were for a long time reluctant to vest larger town and city churches in the trust, preferring to entrust it with smaller country churches that had lost their congregations.

Some dioceses, notably Salisbury, were quick, following the Pastoral Measure of 1968, to direct numerous smaller gems to the new trust. Others, such as Truro, fought for years against a single declaration of redundancy. Only now is the trust taking on its first church in London.

In the early years the trust sometimes appeared simply to mothball its buildings against the great day when a Christian revival would call them back as places of worship. So far just one church — Didmarton in Gloucestershire — has gone back in parish use, and now, under a new chairman, Liz Forgan of the BBC, the trust is seeking to make its churches as accessible as possible.

"For thousands of Englishmen and women, the smell of an Anglican church, the play of sunshine through coloured glass, the smooth cool of a Saxon pillar, the crisp outline of a Norman doorway, are part of the familiar fabric of life since childhood. For others, these are new discoveries when a country walk or a friend's wedding leads them to open a heavy oak door for the first time," Ms Forgan writes in the trust's latest report, A Thousand Years of English Churches.

To prevent congregations simply seeking to transfer the burden of upkeep, no more than six regular services may be held in a trust church each year. Baptisms, marriages and funerals are restricted to those with a close and established link with the church.

From the start the trust was a partnership between Church and State, with the Church Commissioners initially providing the larger share of finance (some of it coming controversially from the sale of the sites of demolished churches). The formula has now been recast with 70 per cent coming from the Departure for Culture, Media and Sport, and 30 per cent from the Church Commissioners, ensuring that the Church has a continuing say in the running of the trust.

Increasingly, the trust is also benefiting from bequests and donations enabling it to carry out major conservation work on treasures such as the great 14th-century Jesse window of St Mary, Shrewsbury, depicting the descent of Jesus from the royal line of David.

Liz Forgan says: "William Morris, with his injunction to preserve as found, is our mentor. We want our churches to seem welcoming, not sad and dank, but we will not 'doll them up'." She continues: "We are a tiny organisation with 18 staff supported by an army of unpaid keyholders and friends who wind clocks, open for visitors and mow churchyards."

The Church of England is quick to point out that this is a minute fraction of the 16,000 parish churches that remain in use. While much has been made of the statistic that Anglican Sunday worshippers have now fallen below the million mark, the number of churches being declared redundant has fallen in the past few years.

More town churches are now coming to the trust. St Peter, Northampton, isolated by an inner city ring road, was vested last year, with Norman carving thankfully left intact during restoration by Gilbert Scott in the 19th century.

Another recent acquisition, Christ Church, Waterloo, in Liverpool, was declared redundant as long ago as 1982, and its furnishings and fittings removed. But such was the splendour of its late Victorian architecture — the work of Paley and Austin — that following a public inquiry into a proposal for demolition, Chris Smith, the Culture Secretary, decided it should be preserved by the trust.

Here the trust hopes to make use of a provision which allows it to lease its churches to local community groups. If the trust, aided by the Heritage Lottery Fund or English Heritage, can finance repairs, many more community groups may come forward to organise activities and events.

Already there is an established Haydn Festival at St Leonard's, Bridgnorth, while concerts are held at St Nicholas, Gloucester, as part of the Three Choirs Festival. St Leonard's, Langho, in Lancashire, hosts the Elizabethan Singers.

Soon, the trust may receive its first London church, St Luke's, Oseney Crescent, in Kentish Town, where the trust, aided by English Heritage is already at work on emergency repairs.

The trust's remit is limited to England and in recent years there has been a growing problem with redundant Anglican churches in Wales. The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and could not benefit from the establishment of the trust. Salvation has come through the Friends of Friendless Churches who have just been recognised officially as the Welsh equivalent of the trust, receiving funds from the Welsh Office. Matthew Saunders, secretary of the Friends, says: "I shudder to think what would have happened without this new arrangement. We would certainly have been faced with applications to demolish Grade I listed ancient parish churches. As it is we have just taken on our first four Welsh churches." These are medieval St Bride's, Wentloog, with a 15th-century tower as good as many in Somerset, medieval Tal-y-Ilyn on Anglesey, with all its Georgian pews, Llangeview in Monmouth and Penmorfa, near Tremadog, with fine fittings given by the Williams-Ellis family.

Inspired by the French Club des sans Club, the Friends' portfolio of churches is set to grow and grow.

1. Study the headline and determine its function. Note the stylistic peculiarities and comment on them.

2. Scan the article and make a list of key words. What area of human activity do they pertain to?

3. Make a list of place names and propernames. What is their function in thye article? 

4. Make a summary of the article emphasizing the idea of cultural heritage and its preservation. Compare the situation in Great Britain and Belarus in this sphere.

 

 

HUNTING AND EDUCATION

 

There were two major seasonally recurring events the previous week, which tell us a lot about continuity and change in rural Russia over the last decade. The hunting season was opened on August 29 in Kostroma region, which has, perhaps, the best remaining hunting grounds in European Russia, and children throughout Russia came back to school after summer vacation on September 1.

This was brought home to me with lots of noise, when, on September 1, a boisterous crowd of schoolchildren of all ages stormed the bus I was riding in to reach my E-mail connection in the district center. Despite the hardships due to the breakdown of the local economy, the kids were well dressed, most were in white shirts, none wore the school uniforms mandatory in the first grades in late Soviet times, many had flowers in their hands. The bus provides its services to schoolchildren, as well as the elderly, free. It is difficult to relinquish the good things of the Soviet period.

Behind the festive aura of the first day of school, however, was a deep malaise. The Soviet education system was always far from its officially proclaimed equality, as attested to by the fact that hardly anyone from a small village school ever made it to one of the national colleges and universities in Moscow or Leningrad. Today, things have become still worse. Education has become a commodity.

The quality of education has plummeted both in cities and particularly in the countryside. There is every chance for Russia to overtake the United States in the miserable readings skills (occasionally no skills at all) of its schoolchildren. Parents are often unable to buy textbooks and notebooks, pens, pencils, painting sets, and all those other things pupils need to gain knowledge, simply because they don't have the cash. But the worst problem, of course, is that teachers' wages in public schools are being delayed.

September 1 saw an unprecedented development in the city of Kostroma. Teachers at public school 11 and a number of others announced a strike to last until the time that all wage arrears are paid. None of the teachers had been paid for May or received their vacation money. The local authorities had attempted to deal with the problem by taking out credit, but the funds had dried out without covering all the debts owed to the teachers. The strike was an act of despair, and it was supported by some schools in the districts, whose problems were even worse in many cases. Throughout the country, some 1,000 schools have also joined the strike.

It is only natural that many Kostroma residents have a negative attitude to the strike, but teachers are convinced that a strike is the only way to draw attention to their problems. As one Kostroma teacher put it, "in effect free education no longer exists in this country." It seems that the only possibility to pay teacher wage arrears is with the help of transfer payments from Moscow, but with the current financial disarray, this does not appear to be a viable option.

Compared to the situation in education, hunting seems to be a relatively peaceful occupation. Last Friday, I visited the district center to get my hunting permit at the local hunters' society. Things have come a long way since the days of the Soviet regime. The game warden was eager to furnish me with the hunting permit, since this meant more money for the cash-strapped society. I had to take out two permits, one for hazel-grouse, which I had flushed several times this summer in thick woods, and another for ducks, since there were many streams, ponds and lakes in the area. Each one cost 60 rubles, and the game warden advised me to join the local chapter of the hunters' society, in which case the permits would be free, and I would only have to pay my annual dues, thus saving money. This would have been anathema in the Soviet days, but today dual membership seems to be accepted.

When I walked out of the hunters' society office, a local acquaintance saw me, and I told him I'd gotten a hunting permit. "Why, I didn't know you hunted," he crowed. His eyes lit up and he said: “We have to get together.” I knew his excitement had to do with the phenomenon of Russian hunting, which was colorfully shown in a film called "Specifics of Russian National Hunt", which had been a hit among hunters and the broader public a couple of years ago. While the film was quite funny, the message it contained was primitive to say the least, mainly that Russian hunters go hunting to gel drunk and not to hunt. It also contrasts contemporary booze-saturated hunting parties to 19th century Russian aristocratic hunting described in Russian classical literature. The best book about hunting in 19th century Russia is by an obscure writer named Driyansky "Notes of a Small-Time Hunter", unfortunately never translated into English. I hunt alone and don't like hunting with other people, who prevent me from listening to the sounds of the forest and observing it. A twenty-mile walk through field and forest always leaves me with dazzling impressions, if not a lot of meat. To my chagrin, I must admit that I also suffer from the excitement of hunting game, but that sensation is far down in my list of priorities. Russian hunting grounds are overhunted, particularly in the European part of the country, so I am not very keen to add my small personal contribution to the process of the destruction of Russian nature, the best thing we have in this country.

 

1. Study the headline. Does it contain any hint at the futher content of the article. Analyse grammatical peculiarities of the headline.

2. Read the article and comment on the peculiarities of its style. Illustrate your viewpoint with examples from the text.

 

 

VIDEO GAMES BATLLE TO CLIMB UP A LEVEL ONTO THE BIG SCREEN

 

The success of film franchises such as 'Tomb Raider' and 'Resident Evil' is not proving easy to replicate, writes Kamau High

 

 

Underground hit: Marc Ecko's game about a graffiti artist is due to be adapted by MTV Films

When it comes to making films based on video games, not being terrible is often the mark of success. Most film adaptations come and go so quickly, such as the recently released Doom or Blood Rayne, that the only impressions they are likely to leave is a negative on a film studio's balance sheet. Others are remembered as being embarrassing for everyone involved, such as 1993's Super Mario Brothers. The two most famous franchises - Tomb Raider and Resident Evil - are perhaps the exceptions that prove the rule. According to box-officemojo.com, Paramount Pictures' Lara Croft: Tomb Raider grossed.$274m worldwide after being made for $115m, while its sequel, produced for about $130m, took $156m.

Meanwhile, Sony Pictures' adaptation of Resident Evil and its sequel grossed more than $100m worldwide each after being made for less than $70m.

The two franchises clearly benefited from having big stars in leading roles, in the respective forms of Angelina Jolie and Milla Jovovich. But as film studios prepare to transform a number of games for the big screen over the next couple of years, they are heeding other lessons learnt from previous successes and flops.

First and foremost is to stand back and let Hollywood work its magic.

Bill Gardner was president and chief executive of Cap-com USA when it published the Resident Evil game and licensed it to be made into a film. Today he is CEO of US publishing for Eidos America, a company that licensed out Tomb Raider for two successful movies, with the possibility of a third being made. The company has licensed its game Hitman, the story of the world's most successful assassin, for a film starring Vin Diesel in the titular role. "The real key is letting Hollywood do what it does best. Let Hollywood write, while approving the scenarios they set out," says Mr Gardner.

The ability to recognize that film and video games are two different media is also key. "You take a character and try to make movie version of the game and it doesn't work and it looks terrible," says Mr Gardner.

Pleasing both an audience of video gamers, who have invested more emotion in a title after spending countless hours playing it, and filmgoers, who might only have a passing knowledge that the film was once a game, is difficult.

"A lot of failures come from the video-game side of the business trying to maintain adherence to the message of the game. This doesn't translate to the linear experience of movies," says Mr Gardner.

The limited success of films adapted from video games has not deterred members of both industries. One of the latest figures trying to go against the grain of failure is Marc Ecko, better known as the founder of ecko unltd, a clothing company. Mr Ecko's idea for a video game - a lone graffiti artist takes on an authoritarian regime bent on suppressing freedom of expression - materialised in February as Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure.

Many of the scenes resemble a movie, an effect that was deliberate, says Mr Ecko. Along with Atari, the publisher, Mr Ecko has partnered with MTV Films to make a film from his game.

"Video-game movie adaptations have been lukewarm at best," says Mr Ecko from his office in New York crammed with toy and videogame memorabilia.

"Studios get enamoured of a particular IP [intellectual property] and think a brand will migrate to a different medium."

Mr Ecko partnered with Atari after years of trying to get the industry to listen to his ideas. A meeting with Bruno Bonnell, CEO, chairman and chief creative officer of Atari, proved crucial in getting the game made.

"The game is not about fighting but about expressing yourself. The details in the game, from the clothing to the art of tagging, are actually building such a precise universe you have all the props necessary for a movie," says Mr Bonnell.

Games translated to films are ultimately about brand extension. "The greatest ROI [return on investment] is having the consumer connect the dots between my clothes [which are represented in the game], the game and the film," says Mr Ecko.

This is the second videogame-to-film adaptation MTV is involved in. In September last year, the company announced it was adapting The Suffering, a horror survival game from Midway Games.

"We're moving more and more that way [adapting games into movies] as the gaming world moves to a well thought out, story-driven medium, as with comics, graphic novels and other sources. Video games have become a source of interesting stories, characters and ideas," says David Gale, executive vice-president of MTV Films.

"That's not to say most of them would be appropriate to make into a movie," he adds.

1. Study the headline, point out the examples of "headline" lexis and find synonyms for them.

2. Analyse stylistic peculiarities of both the headline and subheadline. What is their function?

3. Scan the article, make a list of abbreviations and decipher them.

4. Make a list of keywords. Use your lists to make a resume of the article.

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ В

 

HOLLYWOOD EMBRACES ONLINE DISTRIBUTION MONSTER

 

 

Joshua Chaffin reports on how film studios are finally getting to grips with the digital age and the lessons they have learnt from the music industry

 

For the past five years, Hollywood has been watching the music industry's shaky transition to the digital age with a mixture of horror and curiosity. The only factor sparing them from the epidemic of piracy and illegal file-sharing that ravaged the music business, many realised, was the added time needed to download a film compared with a song.

 The lesson that emerged was that it was crucial to offer consumers a legitimate digital marketplace, or they would create their own. It was a point underscored in frightening fashion last year when films such as Revenge of the Sith, the latest Star Wars offering, appeared on websites even before arriving in theatres.

The past two weeks have seen a trickle of announcements about experiments by Warner Brothers and Universal Pictures to sell films online in England and the Netherlands, respectively. Yet the industry's most ambitious attempt to manage its shift to the digital world - and perhaps even profit from it - came with today's announcement of new, upgraded features at Movielink, an online joint venture founded by a group of the largest studios nearly four years ago.

For the first time, Movielink will allow customers to purchase films online, as opposed to just renting them. And it will release many of its titles on the same day they arrive in store on DVD, erasing what used to be a lag of up to two months.

"The priority at Warner Brothers is the consumer, and our focus is on ensuring our product is available on as many platforms with as much flexibility, functionality and portability as the consumer desires," says Kevin Tsujihara, head of the studio's home entertainment group.

Variations of that phrase are echoed by Universal, Paramount, Sony Pictures, MGM and 20th Century Fox, also involved in the scheme. It might have been borrowed from a press release accompanying the introduction of Apple's iTunes, which seems to have been the inspiration for the Movielink services.

Hollywood began to embrace the idea of digital downloads after a visit to Washington to lobby Congress. "When we first went to Washington and asked for help fighting piracy, what came back was that it was important for us to have a legitimate offering," says Rick Finkelstein, president and chief operating officer of Universal Pictures.

Yet the studios were slow to support Movielink. While they felt the need to create an online market in order to discourage piracy, they feared that publishing movies on the internet without robust digital rights management would worsen theft.

That concern seems to have been allayed by Microsoft's Windows Media format, which will limit the number of copies customers can make of each film. "It really has taken time to get confident in the digital rights management," says Jim Ramo, Movielink's chief executive.

 Another issue was Wal-Mart. The retailer is the world's largest seller of DVDs, which account for the majority of Hollywood's profits. As such, no studio could afford to disrupt the relationship and be relegated to Wal-Mart's bottom shelf.

Yet that mindset appears to have changed after cinema attendance fell 8 per cent last year, creating a new imperative for Hollywood to reach young, tech-savvy consumers who may be more interested in video games and the internet as entertainment options. The studios may have also been emboldened by a slowdown in DVD sales after years of double-digit growth.

"They can't expect us not to pursue opportunities like this. It's a new business world," Mr Finkelstein says, hift in strategy, the service is at first likely to appeal to only a small group of early adopters. Microsoft and other companies are intent on changing the habits of many technology-shy consumers who do not yet know how to connect their computers and televisions.

In the meantime, studios say to expect more digital distribution agreements. They have already held talks with Amazon.com and other online retailers, and also plan to establish their own branded sites. As Mr Ramo says: "This year is the beginning."

 

Sample Interpretation.

 

The article is devoted to the innovations in the sphere of film release. The crucial point is the fact that the films, that achieved universal acclaim, appeared on the websites even before their arrival at theatres’ Thus film studios made up their minds to get to grips with the digital and they told the public that this year it was only the beginning.

The whole article is divided into 14 paragraphs, to make the text more readable, more digestible and manageable. The core information, but in a precise form is presented in the 1st paragraph in order to excite the readers' mind and evoke emotional response.

The enigmatic headline “Hollywood Embraces Online Distribution Monster” is another acute means used by journalists in order to grasp the readers' attention and make them engrossed in reading the article as the headline contains a conundrum and evokes the feelings of both horror and curiousity. A skillfully chosen picture catches our attention and produces the feelings of dismay and awe (fear).

The headline is printed in a larger bold type face than the rest of the article in order to capture our attention. In the given article headline we come across ellipsis "an online distribution monster", a metaphor "embraces online monster" and an epithet "online distribution monster".

This headline intensifies the overall significance of the text. It sounds very expressive.

The main idea of the article is a human urge to find a valid solution to any problem they confront in their lives. In this particular article the urge to sell films with all the possible means, make them available for the public and gain more or less stable profit income. In order to reach their objectives people have to surmount obstacles getting to grips with the so-called “digital age” to be exact, getting to grips with the Internet.

Speaking about the article itself one can say that it is a vivid sample of newspaperlese style with its own definite features which make it obviously different from all the other styles. In the text of the article we can observe the following peculiarities:

Morphological features 

1. frequent use of non-finite verbs forms such as participles watched, released, added, compared, emerged

Syntactical features

1. news items comprise 1 or 2, rarely 3 sentences

2. absence of complex conditional, with chains of subordinate clauses and a number of conjunctions

3. absence of exclamatory sentences and other motive or expressively changed constructions.

Lexical features

1. A certain terminological variety depending upon the topic of the article (in this case —film industry): film industry, download, film online, to release.     

2. International words- industry, factor, legal, group product, scheme, visit, internet,

3. Usage of abbreviations: DVD, MGM

Compositional features

1. The article possesses definite expressive power, which is achieved due to carefully selected vocabulary

2. Usage of parallel conctructions in order to emphasize the idea that the author bears in mind.

In general, the article conveys a rather credible atmosphere with a convincing context. The text itself rich in various stylistic devices and lexical expressive means:

 

Shaky transitions-epithet

To ravage business- metaphor

Film as a song- comparison

A trickle of announcement- metaphor

 

Ambitions attempt- epithet

To shift the digital world- metaphor

Functionality and flexibility- alliteration

The studio felt the need to help- personification

To pursue opportunities- metaphor

We observe the shift in strategy- metaphor 

Shy consumes- epithet

Digital distribution agreement- epithet, alliteration

 

All this contributes to the general effect, the reporter has hoped to achieve.

 

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

 

    1. Белянин, В. В. Прагматика и стилистика газетного текста / В. В. Белянин. — Алма-Ата : Книга, 1988.

2. Горбатова, Т. Н. Методика работы с газетой на английском языке в ВУЗе / Т. Н. Горбатова, Л. М. Ушакова // Иноязычное образование : психолого-педагогический, методический аспекты : материалы Междунар. науч.-практ. конф., Барановичи, 13 мая 2005 г. / БарГУ ; редкол. : Л.В. Силицкий [и др.]. — Барановичи, 2005.

3. Дараселия, Н. В. Структурно-семантические и прагматические особенности британского газетного заголовка : автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук : 05.05.84 / Н. В. Дараселия ; Тбилисский гос. ун-т. — Тбилиси, 1986.

4. Ем, С. Д. Метафора в газетном тексте (на мат-ле русской прессы к. XX в.) : автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук : 01.11.01 / С. Д. Ем ; Институт рус. языка им. В. В. Виноградова. — М., 2002.

5. Куркумули, К.Т. Стилистика газетного заголовка (на материале англоязычной прессы) // Содружество наук-2007 : материалы Междунар. науч.-практ. конф., Барановичи, 24-25 мая 2007 г. / БарГУ ; редкол. : В.Н. Зуев [и др.]. — Барановичи, 2007.

6. Ляпун, С. В. Лексико-семантические особенности современного газетного заголовка : дис. канд. филол. наук. - Майкоп, 1999. -

7. Мамаева, А. Г. Лингвистическая природа аллюзии (на материале английского языка) : автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук : 05.07.75 / А. Г. Мамаева ; МГУ — М., 1977.

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15. Англоязычная пресса : The Times, The Financial Times, The Independent, People’s Weekly World, International Herald Tribune

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