How Can I Tell If My Food Has Been Genetically Modified?
China, Australia, and the European Union require GMO foods to be labeled. The U.S. does not.
If you choose organic foods, you may be able to avoid GMOs. You can also look for foods that are labeled as non-GMO. The makers of these foods volunteer to tag them, but that isn’t regulated by the government, so they may or may not be right.
More Pros and Cons
So are you good with GMOs? To make your decision, consider these other things.
The Pros
More food: Fans of GMOs say they will help us feed the extra 2 billion people that will fill the planet by 2050. Farmers can grow more food because these plants can live through a drought or cold snap. They aren’t as likely to die from disease.
“Not using these tools would push us back 40 to 50 years in food production,” Bradford says.
Less stress on the environment:Crops made so bugs won’t like them lower farmers’ need for toxic chemical pesticides, Goldstein says. Plants that resist weeds can live in fields that don’t have to be tilled as often. Tilling, or stirring up the dirt, gets rid of weeds, but it also causes dirt to be washed away into streams and rivers.
The Cons
More medical problems: Opponents say that besides possibly leading to cancer, GMOs can cause new allergies and hurt the effects of antibiotics. But no studies confirm this.
The rise of "superweeds":Crops built to survive weed killer could breed with weeds. These “superweeds” would also survive. Farmers would have to use more and more and stronger pesticide to keep up.
Inventing new weed killers is hard and expensive. Plus, people worry about the safety of new chemicals that haven’t been tested as much as older ones. On the other hand, people say this is nothing new.
Where Can You Find Non-Genetically Modified Food?
The movement to have non-modified food options is picking up some traction. Some food companies voluntarily label their foods as non-GMO. At least one fast food chain has pledged to take genetically modified foods off their menu. And at least one grocery store chain is working to label possible GMO foods in the coming years.
Group work 1:
Make two groups. One group will be in favor of GM product, another group will be against it. Collect arguments in favor of each opinion and be ready for the cross discussion.
Group work 2:
Read the quotation: The rapid tempo of technology development has improved our lives.
Group 1: for the quotation
Group 2: against the quotation
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Collect arguments in favor of each opinion and be ready for the cross discussion.
These ideas can help each group
| · People learn new skills · There are more advances in medical treatment · Housework is more convenient · Communication is easier · Technology can lead to future improvements in pollution · Most people have a higher standard of living | · People lose their job · People basically do not like change · Medical advances only help rich people · Technology can lead to more pollution · People cannot communicate as well as before · People may become richer, but not happier |
Grammar focus
Сказуемое. Страдательный залог.
Переведите на русский язык
1. 1 was asked, 2 will be asked, 3 had asked, 4 would ask, 5 is asked. 6 have
been asked, 7 will have asked, 8s asked, 9 was being asked, 10s are asking, 11
will have been asked, 12s were asked, 13 has asked, 14 asks, 15s are being
asked
2. 1 have asked, 2 will ask, 3 shall have been asked, 4s were asked, 5 is
being asked, 6 am asking, 7s are asked, 8s asked, 9 had asked, 10 will be asked,
11s were asking, 12 shall ask
3. 1 ask, 2s are being asked, 3 asked, 4 will have been asked, 5 should be
asking, 6s are asked, 7 asks. 8 has asked, 9 will ask, 10s will have asked, 11
was asked, 12 are asking, 13 ask
4. 1 have stopped, 2s were being stopped, 3 is stopping. 4 has been stopped,
5s will be stopped, 6 stopped, 7 should have been stopped, 8 stops, 9s were
stopping, 10 is stopped
5. 1 has transported, 2 transported, 3am transporting, 4 have been transported,
5s were transported, 6 is being transported, 7 will be transported, 8 transported, 9 will be transported, 10s should have transported, 11s are transported
6. 1 started, 2 have started, 3s were being started, 4s are starting, 5 was
started, 6 would have been started, 7 starts, 3 will have started, 9s are started,
10 should be starting, 11 was started, 12 has started, 13s start, 14 should be
started
7.1 was translated, 2 will be translated, 3 had translated, 4 would translate, 5 is translated, 6 have been translated, 7 will have translated, 8s translated, 9 was being translated, 10s are translating, 11 will have been translated, 12s were translated, 13 has translated, 14 translates, 15s are being translated.
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8. 1 have written, 2 will write, 3 shall have been written, 4s were written, 5 is being written, 6 am writing, 7s are written, 8s wrote, 9 had written, 10 will be written, 11s were writing, 12 will write.
9. 1 were reading, 2 reads, 3 has read, 4 am read, 5 is reading, 6 will read, 7 was being read, 8 had been read, 9 should read, 10 will be read, 11 reads.
Упражнение
Поставьте сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, при этом опустите местоимение или существительное, обозначающее действующее лицо.
Образец: We investigated the structure of the atom.
The structure of the atom (the atom structure) was investigated.
1. The authors developed some theoretical models.
2. We found an approach to the problem.
3. The investigation deals with the problem of robots design.
4. The author has analyzed the material obtained.
5. The paper considered a series of standard programs.
6. The author gives the data which are concerned with computer design.
Упражнение
В следующих предложениях переведите сказуемое на английский язык, подобрав нужный глагол, согласно рекомендации, данной в скобках. Поставьте сказуемое в указанной временной форме. Помните, что в предложениях должен быть прямой порядок слов.
Образец: Были получены (проанализированы) the results of the experiment (Past Ind.).
The results of the experiment were analyzed.
1. Изучалась (была проанализирована) the fine structure of films (Past, Ind.).
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2. Рассматривается (проверяется его пригодность) a new method of integrating the equations (Pr. Ind.).
3. Исследуется (подробно) the development cycle of the phenomenon (Pr. Ind.).
4. Изучены blocking effects in scattering the particles (Pr. Perf.).
5. Обсуждается the electron creation rate (Pr. Ind.).
6. Был описан the design of this radio apparatus (Past. Ind.).
7. Рассматривается (учитывается весь процесс) the гоle of the changed conditions (Pr. Ind.).
8. Уже обсуждался (был проанализирован) the method of integrating the equation (Pr. Perf.).
9. Определяется (путем оценки) the shift of the energy Isvels (Pr. Ind.).
10. Была найдена (вычислена) the electron generation rate (Pr. Perf.).
Упражнение
Переведите следующие предложения по образцу, подобрав глаголы с соответствующим оттенком значения. Поставьте сказуемое в нужной временной форме.
Образец: Рассматриваются возможности цифрового компьютера. Possibilities of digital computer are studied.
1. Рассматриваются возможности персональных компьютеров.
2. Изучается программное обеспечение (software).
3. Проведено исследование этой системы базы данных (data base system).
4. Были описаны электростатические свойства частиц (properties of particles).
5. Обсуждаются преимущества использования языка КОБОЛ (the advantages of using COBOL).
6. Рассмотрены технические достижения в этой области (technical advances).
7. Обсуждается автоматизированное проектирование (computer-aided design).
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8. Рассчитано числовое программное управление (numerical control).
9. Выясняются (определяются) графические возможности (graphical capabilities) этого устройства.
10. Проводится анализ конечных элементов (finite-element analysis).
11. Выясняется (определяется) машинное «зрение» (machine-vision.).
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемое.
1.After two years training at a dental hospital hygienists are awarded a Diploma in Dental Hygiene. 2. Hygienists are permitted to carry out the following dental work: cleaning and polishing teeth, scaling teeth, application of fluorides and fissure sealants. 3. All practices are expected to establish a procedure for dealing with complaints from patients. 4. All perception of pain is lost but other sensations, such as pressure or vibration are still felt. 5. Patients are warned that the appointment will be cancelled if any instructions are disobeyed. 6. Primary haemorrhage is obviously caused by the cutting of blood vessels at operation and occurs in all extractions and other surgical procedures. 7. 15 to 20 years ago public preventive programmes were introduced in most European countries. 8. This form of appliance is often used for the restoration of an ear or the soft tissues around the eye.
Упражнение
Проанализируйте, определите сказуемое и переведите предложения.
1. This instrument is referred to as the fiber-optics colorimeter. 2. The role of simulators has been recognized as an important aspect of training in the health field that supports and improves patient safety. 3. Virtual reality-based technology is being used, evaluated, and researched in many areas of health care training. 20 4. Many kinds of materials have been introduced to the dental profession such as plasticized acrylic, fluoroelastomer, silicone rubber, and natural rubber. 5. Although the properties of soft lining materials have been much improved, they still have several drawbacks. 6. The teeth were selected visually to cover a wide range of natural tooth colors. 7. Factors influencing progressive liver disease have been identified as alcohol, gender, age at infection, extent of immunodeficiency and HCV genotype. 8. The color of the midcervical part of the labial tooth surfaces was evaluated by use of three different methods, referred to as methods 1 to 3. 9. When conventional optical instruments are adapted to color measurements on crowns of teeth by reducing the window diameter, the color determinations will be subject to errors. 10. The perception of occlusal forces in an axial direction was compared in two groups of patients – one with reduced alveolar bone support and the other with normal bone support.
UNIT 4 PEOPLE IN SCIENCE
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS
Group work (home group):
Collect information about the person from the picture.
- What does he do?
- What is his background?
- What is he famous for?
- When did he live?
- Where did he live?
You can use some expressions describing this person:
Stockholm, industry, prize, St. Petersburg, dynamite, literature, chemistry, secretary, entrepreneur, engineer, private life, peace
1. While reading mark the information:
· I knew this fact ( + )
· I was not right about this ( – )
· This information was unknown for me ( ! )
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. In connection with his construction work Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques for blasting rocks.
Alfred Nobel.
Alfred's mother, born Andriette Ahlsell, came from a wealthy family. Due to misfortunes in his construction work caused by the loss of some barges of building material, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy the same year Alfred Nobel was born. In 1837 Immanuel Nobel left Stockholm and his family to start a new career in Finland and in Russia. To support the family, Andriette Nobel started a grocery store which provided a modest income. Meanwhile Immanuel Nobel was successful in his new enterprise in St. Petersburg, Russia. He started a mechanical workshop which provided equipment for the Russian army and he also convinced the Tsar and his generals that naval mines could be used to block enemy naval ships from threatening the city.
The naval mines designed by Immanuel Nobel were simple devices consisting of submerged wooden casks filled with gunpowder. Anchored below the surface of the Gulf of Finland, they effectively deterred the British Royal Navy from moving into firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean war (1853-1856). Immanuel Nobel was also a pioneer in arms manufacture and in designing steam engines
Painting by Immanuel Nobel demonstrating his sea or naval mines to the Tsar of Russia.
Successful in his industrial and business ventures, Immanuel Nobel was able, in 1842, to bring his family to St. Petersburg. There, his sons were given a first class education by private teachers. The training included natural sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. His primary interests were in English literature and poetry as well as in chemistry and physics. Alfred's father sent him abroad for further training in chemical engineering to widen Alfred's horizons. During a two year period Alfred Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. In Paris, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of Professor T. J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero who, three years earlier, had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. Alfred Nobel became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be put to practical use in construction work. He also realized that the safety problems had to be solved and a method had to be developed for the controlled detonation of nitroglycerine. Together with his father he performed experiments to develop nitroglycerine as a commercially and technically useful explosive.
He found that mixing nitroglycerine with kieselguhr would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods of a size and form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867 he patented this material under the name of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator (blasting cap) which could be ignited by lighting a fuse.
Alfred Nobel's laboratory in Bofors, Sweden.
The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman. By 1865 his factory in Krümmel near Hamburg, Germany, was exporting nitroglycerine explosives to other countries in Europe, America and Australia. Over the years he founded factories and laboratories in some 90 different places in more than 20 countries.
Intensive work and travel did not leave much time for a private life. At the age of 43 he was feeling like an old man. At this time he advertised in a newspaper "Wealthy, highly-educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." The most qualified applicant turned out to be an Austrian woman, Countess Bertha Kinsky. After working a very short time for Nobel she decided to return to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. In spite of this Alfred Nobel and Bertha von Suttner remained friends and kept writing letters to each other for decades. Over the years Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race. She wrote a famous book, Lay Down Your Arms and became a prominent figure in the peace movement. No doubt this influenced Alfred Nobel when he wrote his final will which was to include a Prize for persons or organizations who promoted peace.
Bertha von Suttner.
Alfred Nobel's greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetrating mind of the scientist and inventor with the forward-looking dynamism of the industrialist. Nobel was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension and a fulfillment of his lifetime interests.
Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The executors of his will were two young engineers, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and to coordinate the work of the entrepreneur -Awarding Institutions.
Compare the facts known to you and new information. Discuss this information in pairs.
Fill in the cluster with the most important facts from the Alfred Nobel biography. The cluster should contain the key words you can find in the text.
| Alfred Nobel |
Grammar focus
ПРИЧАСТИЕ
Упражнение 1
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