II.4. Найдите под чертой синонимы для следующих слов и выражений.
harm, to cause, fluid, to have a tendency, to imitate, exposure, fats
liquid, contact, damage, to tend, to mimic, to induce, to mimic, lipids
II.5. Соедините следующие слова в пары антонимов.
like, harmless, solid, marine, volatile, soluble, rare, terrestrial, liquid, unlike, harmful, nonvolatile, insoluble, common
II.6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
растительного происхождения, передаваться через укусы, ядовитые змеи, быть причиной отравлений, растворяться с разной скоростью, слабо растворимый, вдыхание паров, всасываться через кожу, классифицироваться по, проходить сквозь клеточную мембрану, в отличие от классификаций, описных выше.
II.7. Соедините в пары следующие описания разных групп ядов с их названиями (например, 5-а).
| include bad food, fungi, and many chemicals, such as iodine, arsenic, and mercury. The usual symptoms are severe pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, vomiting, and shock. If a chemical has been swallowed, there is pain in the mouth, throat, neck, and chest. | a. Convulsant poisons |
| make the victim lose consciousness. They include opium, morphine and codeine (which are forms of opium), as well as a large number of other drugs called barbiturates, which are occasionally used to help people sleep. Alcohol, which is found in beers, wines, and spirits, and chloroform are generally included in the narcotic poisons class. Usually when a person has taken too much of any of these substances, the pupils of his eyes become very small (pin-point pupils). His pulse is feeble and his breathing slow. He becomes confused, sleepy, and may lose consciousness. | b. Delirient poisons |
| actually destroy the tissues of the body. Among them are acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and carbolic acids, and alkalis such as caustic soda and ammonia. Any substance that contains corrosives is also poisonous, which is why disinfectants must not be swallowed. Corrosives cause very severe pain in the mouth, throat, neck, and stomach. The lips and mouth are stained and burned, and the person may vomit (be sick) and suffer from shock. | c. Narcotic poisons |
| cause the patient become restless and to talk a great deal without knowing what he is saying. He is thirsty his mouth becomes dry, and his sight is blurred. The pupils of his eyes are very large. Belladonna and atropine have this effect, and both are found in the berries of the deadly nightshade. | d. Irritant poisons |
| produce fits. They include strychnine, prussic acid, and cyanides and act very quickly. Breathing may stop, so artificial respiration (to get the breathing started again) is needed. | e. Corrosive poisons |
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II.8. Ознакомьтесь со словами к тексту B:
| liquors [΄lIk@z] | спиртные напитки |
| principle [prInsIpl] (the intoxicating principle) | действующее начало нелекарственного вещества, (опьяняющее начало) |
| grain [΄greIn] | зерно |
| corn [kO:n] | пшеница |
| rubdown [röbdaun] | обтирание |
| resin [΄rezIn] | смола |
| ether [΄i:T@] | простой эфир |
| ester [΄est@] | сложный эфир |
| lotion[΄louS@n] | лосьон |
| blindness [΄blaIndnIs] | слепота |
| inflammation[Infl@΄meIS@n] | воспаление |
| death [΄deT] | смерть |
| lining [΄lanIÎ] | слизистая оболочка |
| vomiting [΄vOmItIÎ] | рвота |
| hangover[h{Î΄gouv@] | похмелье |
| anxiety [{Îg΄zaI@tI] | тревога |
| potency [΄pOt@nsI] | сила действия |
| drowsiness[drauzInIs] | сонливость |
| blackstrap molasses[mOl@sIz] | черная патока |
| similar [΄sImIl@] | похожий |
| colorless [΄köl@l@s] | бесцветный |
| flammable[΄fl{m@bl] | горючий |
| inevitable [I΄nevIt@bl] | неизбежный |
| nutritive[΄nju:trItIv] | питательный |
| heavy drinkers | сильно пьющие |
| to reduce[rI΄dju:s] | уменьшать |
| to emphasize[΄emS@saIz] | подчеркивать |
| contrary to[΄kOntr@rI t@] | в противоположность чему-либо |
| for that reason[΄ri:z@n] | по этой причине |
| alcohol–free | не содержащий алкоголя |
II.9. Прочтите и переведите текст В.
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Text В
Alcohol
Alcohol is one of a group of liquid organic chemicals of similar structure. Alcohol is a colorless volatile flammable liquid. The chemical formula for alcohol is C2H5OH. It is formed by fermentation and contained in wine, beer, whisky and the other fermented and distilled liquors of which it is the intoxicating principle.
Alcohol is manufactured principally by fermentation of carbohydrate materials, such as blackstrap molasses, various grains, especially corn, and potatoes, and by hydration of ethylene, being obtained by fractional distillation in a concentration of about 95 per cent with about 5 per cent water.
Three alcohols only are of medical interest: ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the basic constituent of alcoholic drinks; methyl alcohol (methanol); and isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol). All alcohols are poisonous, but ethyl alcohol is less poisonous than the others.
Ethyl alcohol is used in medicine to harden and clean the skin, and as a rubdown to prevent bedsores. In pharmacy it is chiefly used as a solvent for fats, volatile oils and resins (as in preparing alcoholates, spirits, essences, elixirs, and tinctures), and as a raw material for ethers and esters.
Methyl alcohol is used as an antiseptic and as a cooling lotion to the skin. But it is extremely poisonous when drunk and can cause blindness, nerve inflammation (neuritis), and death.
Alcohol, taken in the form of alcoholic drinks, is one of the most commonly abused drugs. Alcohol is addictive, and its repeated use often results in the need to drink more and more to produce intoxication. Other symptoms of alcohol abuse are impaired coordination and, often, aggressive behaviour. Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), vomiting, and “hangover” are almost inevitable.
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Contrary to popular opinion, alcohol acts as a depressant and reduces self – criticism and anxiety. Alcoholic drinks are rich in calories, although they have little or no nutritive value. For that reason, heavy drinkers often have a weight problem.
It is important to emphasize that the effects of alcohol increase the potency of such drugs as analgesics, antihistamines, tranquilizers, sedatives, muscle relaxants, and cough and cold drugs. As a result, one drink may have the effect of several and can cause drowsiness, depression, and disulfiram – like reactions*. This is very dangerous and can become fatal. Besides, alcohol is harmful for some groups of patients including epileptics and asthmatics, as well as for pediatric patients and those with gastric and liver disease. New alcohol–free drugs have been developed for these patient categories by the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies.
* Disulfiram – like reactions include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, and hypotension.
(Disulfiram [daI΄sölfIr@m] дисульфирам, дисульфид; антиоксидант, препятствующий нормальной метаболической деградации алкоголя; используется при лечении хронического алкоголизма, когда прием малых доз алкоголя вызывает нежелательную реакцию. Коммерческие названия – тетурам и антабус).
II.10. Назовите по-английски:
§ 3 способа получения спирта;
§ 3 разновидности спирта, используемые в медицине;
§ 3 назначения этилового спирта в медицине и фармации;
§ основное побочное действие алкоголя при частом употреблении;
§ 7 групп лекарств, действие которых нарушается под действием алкоголя;
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§ 3 последствия взаимодействия лекарств и алкоголя, упомянутые в тексте.
II.11. Прочтите и переведите дополнительную информацию о спиртах как органических химических соединениях. Объясните, чем различаются структурные формулы первичных, вторичных и третичных спиртов.
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (–OH) and may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols with their general formulas shown below.
Low molecular weight alcohols are water soluble; water solubility decreases as hydrocarbon chain length increases. Alcohols are also lipid soluble.
The common reactions of alcohols are esterification and oxidation.
Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and then to acids.
Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones.
Tertiary alcohols ordinarily are not oxidized.
On the shelf, alcohols are stable.
In vivo, alcohols may undergo oxidation, glucuronidation, or sulfation.
R ²
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R – CH2 – OH R – CH – OH R – C – OH
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R' R'
A B C
II.12. Ознакомьтесь со словами к тексту C:
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