TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Text 1
Professions. Future Prospects.
Fill in the gaps with the following sentences. There are more sentences than necessary.
My association with wood started when my father let me play with some of his tools. (1) ___________. These were skills which improved with experience and time and soon I became very good at handling wood. My knowledge and ability developed, until at the age of 16, I decided to become a carpenter.
I was very lucky because my choice of career was clear. (2) __________. There are many things to consider and many questions to ask about the right type of job, qualifications, skills and earnings. These are questions usually considered by dynamic and ambitious young people who want a position with a high salary and good prospects for promotion. (3) ___________.
Early school-leavers usually take poorly paid, low-skilled jobs with no real future. They do not realize that without qualifications or skills they will probably stay in the same job with the same status for most of their working lives. (4) ____________.
Equally important for a successful career are job skills which have been learned at the place of work. In recent research, it was shown that the ability to apply yourself to your work is the key to success in the world of industry and commerce, as jobs become more dependent on the flexibility, analysis and judgement of the employee.
A. I loved it so much that he began to show me how to cut, saw anddrill bits of wood and create different shapes.
B. For most young people, however, deciding about their future isvery difficult.
C. It’s always very important to choose the right subjects.
D. For those who lack skills and qualifications, opportunities formoving up the career ladder are rare.
E. And so a university education is essential.
F. You need to think how you will behave when you are a manager.
G. It is therefore important for young people to get as much educa-tion or vocational training as possible.
H. As a result, they will never get promoted.
Text 2
Entering a New Era
Transformation is taking place on more than one level. In particular we experience changes on a macro level (the overall society), on a medium level (the level of organisations and associations) and on a micro level (personal life of the subjects), and all of them are to be studied.
There are many topics for investigation for a sociologist who studies countries in transition. One may look for answers to such questions as:
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ü what happened to the institutions which were once integral partof the old structure but were then totally discarded?
ü how are individual lives affected when the institutions they livedby, are suddenly denied legitimacy?
ü what are the effects when the old worldview is declared untrueand unworkable?
ü what does the change mean to different generations?
There might be many more topics for research within this set of problems.
However, some of transformation problem areas may be selected as most important as they are truly characteristic of a new era. Ethnicity is one of them. New positions, roles and alignments of ethnic groups are among the topics of great interest here. We are definitely entering a new era that will be characterised by numerous new socio-cultural alignments inside and outside national boundaries.
Other topics that are of interest nowadays especially for International comparative research apart from ethnicity are: law and citizenship under a variety of political systems; the nature and conditions of prejudice, discrimination and xenophobia; the relationship between ethnicity, labour market and welfare. All of those topics come into one complex problem area that certainly covers all transformation levels: macro, medium and micro.
Answer the questions:
1. What levels are changes taking place on?
2. What questions may one ask here?
3. What is the problem area that might truly characterize the new era?
4. What will a new era be characterized by?
5. Can you name a society relevant topic for an international comparative research?
Text 3
Man and Technical Progress
The first Industrial Revolution took place between the years 1760 and 1860. It was a revolution resulting from the introduction of a new form of power – steam power. The first industrial revolution gave us machines to do the work that had been done before by men’s hands. The second Industrial Revolution is much more complicated than the earlier one. In fact, it is a series of revolutions. The second revolution has produced machines that can do the work of men’s brains.
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In 1957 the launching of the Earth’s first man-made satellite ushered in the space age. Since then, automatic space probes have brought information about the Moon’s surface and samples of its soil. They reached the planets Mars and Venus and are transmitting back to the Earth singular data about outer space over hundreds of millions of miles. People have learned how to live and work in near space and on the Moon, and are preparing for the day when interplanetary travel will be possible.
The population of the Earth is growing rapidly. The utilization of natural resources is growing accordingly. How does the environment influence man and how does society influence nature? Scientists study this problem. Various types of human activity are becoming more and more independent of environmental conditions. All this does not mean that environmental factors and conditions no longer have an effect on our activities. Quite the contrary, the more independent of the environment our actions become, the more fully must we take into account its properties and conditions. Technical progress has made it imperative.
New sources of power, new processes, new materials have come into use with such bewildering speed in the present century that it is hard to keep track of them all. You have only to look around your own home to get some idea of the speed of change. How many things can you find there that could not have been there in your grandfather’s boyhood?
Sometimes we call the times, we live in, the age of steel, or the electronic age, or the atomic age, or space age, but what stands out most of all is that is an age of change. All of us are a link in the chain of universal human progress.
Answer the questions:
1. When did the first Industrial Revolution take place?
2. What was the reason for it?
3. Why is the second Industrial Revolution more complex than thefirst one?
4. What changes are we experiencing nowadays?
Text 4
Marriage
In all societies there are rules that determine how men and women may live together and raise their children. In Western civilization, it has become the general custom for those of marriageable age to find the mates. Formerly choices were limited. Royalty could marry only royalty. Even among commoners there were strict social strata within which marriage was permissible.
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In many non-Western societies today, marriage is thought to be principally the business of the two families who are joined by the alliance. Such matters as family, position and wealth are considered more important than the individual choice of the boy and girl, who often do not see each other before their marriage.
In every society there are rules about who may be married to whom. Marriages between close relatives are forbidden universally. In India, one may marry someone of his own caste but may not marry anyone born in his own village.
Most peoples of Europe and America insist that a marriage be between one man and one woman. This type of marriage is called monogamy. Many non-Western cultures permit plural marriages. Usually these allow one man to have several wives (polygyny[37] ), but in a few societies a woman may have more than one husband (polyandry[38]). Both types of plural marriages are referred to as polygamy. In still fewer societies group marriages occur. Group or plural marriages are usually controlled by the economic conditions in the society.
In polygyny a man is allowed to have only as many wives as he can support, or in the opposite situation a woman may be permitted more than one husband only if one husband is not able to support her. In practically all societies marriages may be broken through the process of divorce.
Answer the questions:
1. How many wives is a man in polygyny allowed to have?
2. In what way may marriages be broken?
3. What types of marriages are there?
4. What is polygamy? What types of it are there?
5. What marital customs are there in non-Western societies today /in India / in Europe and America?
6. In what case can a man (woman) be allowed to have more thanone wife (husband)?
Text 5
Manhattan Comp High School
The first impressions are rather menacing. Visitors must sign in and show identification before being allowed into the building. Such tight security gives one the feeling of entering a prison or some other dangerous place. But what a deceptive first impression! Manhattan Comprehensive Night High School may be the friendliest, most caring institution in all of New York City. A school of last resort for many of its students, it is their best chance to turn their lives around, and make friends in the process. Manhattan Comp, as it’s called, is the first fulltime night high school in America.
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High school is compulsory until the age of sixteen in America, but many students drop out, either before or after they reach sixteen, and before receiving their high school diplomas. Until now, night education programmes for dropouts only provided the basics and then awarded an equivalency certificate[39] . But now, Manhattan Comp’s students go on to college. The students receive an academic diploma, which they say is more helpful in getting a job than an equivalency certificate. More than sixty percent of Manhattan Comp’s students go on to college.
Most of the school’s 450 students have either been expelled from or dropped out of other high schools. Some have been in two or three schools before this one.
What seems to make this school work for these hard-to-place students is the staff and, most importantly, the principal. All the students call him Howard. As he walks through the building, he greets students by name, asks about their families or jobs and jokes with them about the lack of variety in the school cafeteria.
Most students at Manhattan Comp are between eighteen and twenty-two years old. You must be at least seventeen to enroll. The classes run from 5 to 11 p.m., Mondays through Thursdays, with all-day enrichment programmes on Sundays which explore topics like playwriting, art and video production. School terms are ten weeks long, which gives students the opportunity to take time off for family matters or jobs. Most students already have some academic credits from previous schools, so instead of the normal four years in high school, they spend, on average, between six months and two years at Manhattan Comp.
Answer the questions:
1. Why are you first frightened when you enter Manhattan CompHigh School?
2. What is special about this school?
3. Can Manhattan Comp’s students continue their education afterleaving school?
4. How old must a student be to enroll?
5. What is your opinion of such kind of school?
Text 6
Mobile Phone Public Opinion Poll
No consumer product in history has caught on as quickly as the mobile phone, global sales of which have risen from six million in 1991 to more than 400 million a year now. The arrival of the mobile phone has transformed our lifestyles so much that men now spend more time on the phone than women, according to the results of our special opinion poll.
Mobile phones are no longer just the domain of the teenager and, in fact, just as many 40- and 50-somethings now own a mobile phone as the 15 to 20 age group (slightly below 70 %). Even among the over 65s more than 40 % now have a mobile.
The survey found that men with mobile phones (72 % of all men) spend more than an hour a day making calls on an average weekday. The average man spends sixty-six minutes on his landline or his mobile, compared with fifty-three minutes before the mobile phone revolution. But the poll reveals that, while men are using their phones a lot more, women are actually spending less time on the phone[40] . Slightly fewer women (67 %) have a mobile phone, and the survey shows that the average amount of time they spend on the phone on a weekday has gone down from sixtythree minutes before they got a mobile to fifty-five minutes now. The explanation might lie in the fact that men love to play with techno toys while women may be more conscious of the bills they are running up.
Innovation in mobile phones has been happening so fast that it’s difficult for consumers to change their behaviour. Phones are constantly swallowing up other products like cameras, calculators, clocks, radios, and digital music players. There are twenty different products that previously might have been bought separately that can now be part of a mobile phone. Mobiles have changed the way people talk to one another, they have generated a new type of language, and they have saved lives and become style icons. Obviously, the rich have been buying phones faster than the poor. But this happens with every innovation. Mobile phone take-up among the poor has actually been far quicker than it was in the case of previous products, such as colour television, computers and Internet access. Indeed, as mobile phones continue to become cheaper and more powerful, they might prove to be more successful in bridging the gap between the rich and the poor than expensive computers.
There are obviously drawbacks to mobiles as well: mobile users are two and a half times more likely to develop cancer in areas of the brain adjacent to their phone ear, although researchers are unable to prove whether this has anything to do with the phone; mobile thefts now account for a third of all street robberies in London, and don’t forget about all the accidents waiting to happen as people drive with a mobile in one hand. But, overall, mobile phones have proved to be a big benefit for people.
Answer the questions:
1. Which group is the one with the highest number of people owning a mobile phone?
2. Do women spend less or more time on the phone now than theyused to?
3. Can mobile phones replace any other product at present?
4. What has grown faster among the poor, the demand for mobilephones or the demand for computers?
Text 7
Tourism
Thirty years ago my family were one of the lucky ones and went on holiday, once a year for a week. They went every year to the nearest seaside resort where there were a few traditionally run hotels, a beach, a little town and that was it. Today tourism is big business throughout the world and our expectations and life styles have greatly altered.
There are those people, especially environmentalists, who see the growth of tourism as a disaster for the environment as well as local cultures. Tourism has often meant huge hotel complexes, swimming pools, pollution and overcrowding that has destroyed many local communities. This has been the case on the Costa del Sol in Spain, which has been literally invaded by tourists for the past few decades. As me tourists start to look for more exotic places to go on holiday, the problem with protecting yet unspoiled areas in, for example, South East Asia, Central America and Africa grows.
Many of us have laughed at the commercial that shows an American tourist group on a sightseeing coach in Norway. Whenever the guide points out a local sight of interest, someone on the coach spots a McDonald’s or another American Company on the other side of the coach, and everyone’s attention is drawn to that. This is a good example of how many people, who go abroad on holiday, are actually more interested in experiencing familiar surroundings than discovering the local culture. As a result, travel companies try to make the resorts look as much as possible like the environment the tourists are used to.
Yet the growth of tourism has opened up parts of the world and enabled travellers to go to places they could only have dreamed of thirty years ago. The meeting of different cultures in this way has led to a greater mingling of peoples and cultures and habits. Take food for example: Italian dishes such as spaghetti and Spanish rice dishes such as paella, are nowadays eaten all over the world.
On a more serious level, tourism is often the developing countries' most important source of income. Foreign tourists bring in much needed foreign currency and this can help that country buy equipment and goods from abroad. In this way tourism is good for an area of the country.
Answer the questions:
1. Where did the narrator’s family usually go on holiday 30 years ago?
2. Where do tourists today try to find more exotic places for a holiday?
3. Why has tourism destroyed many local communities?
4. What dishes are nowadays eaten all over the world?
Text 8
Poverty in Britain
At the southern end of Waterloo Bridge in London, by the banks of the River Thames, stand the Royal National Theatre, the National Film Theatre and the Royal Festival Hall. In stark contrast to this centre of London’s cultural activity, are the subways close by, which offer some relief from the cold at night. They have become a mecca for the homeless. The place is littered with the cardboard boxes and old mattresses that they use as beds. It became so popular there in the 1980s that each person had their own, much-prized space that they would guard carefully. It gave them a sense of security and became so permanent that the locals gave the area a nickname – Cardboard City. This was also the name of a theatre play directed by the now famous Oscar-winner (for American Beauty) Sam Mendes.
The 1980s saw an enormous increase in people sleeping rough in Britain, as many unemployed came to cities in the south, especially London, where jobs were easier to find. But it’s virtually impossible to get a job in Britain without a permanent address, and it’s very difficult to get somewhere to live if you don’t have a job, so most of those people got trapped. They ended up with no work and nowhere to live. Today the housing charity Shelter estimates there are around 100,000 homeless people in London alone, who are either in temporary accommodation or simply living on the streets. These people often hang around railway stations and other public places asking for money.
The British public are asked by their government not to give money to street beggars. People sympathetic to the homeless are being told to donate money to charities who specialize in caring for the poor or to offer beggars gifts of food or clothes instead of money. Another way you can help is to buy a copy of The Big Issue weekly magazine.
Run for the homeless, The Big Issue is a success on many levels. Its first issue was published in 1991; it won the Magazine of the Year award in 1993, and sells 270,000 copies weekly, which means a readership of over one million. All profits are reinvested into the magazine or diverted to The Big Issue Foundation, a charity that runs many social support programmes for the homeless. The magazine is actually sold by the homeless themselves, which gives them a chance to earn money and retain a sense of dignity. Encouraged by its success in Britain, The Big Issue has become international, and now seventeen titles throughout Europe are being published.
Answer the questions:
1. What can you see at the southern end of Waterloo Bridge in London?
2. Why is this poor area called Cardboard City?
3. Why are there so many homeless people in London?
4. What measures have been taken by British society to help suchpeople?
5. What is The Big Issue?
Text 9
Private Education
The setting is every child’s dream. A huge, rambling, 300-yearoldhouse, warmed by log fires, overrun by pets, and set in acres of natural playground. And no school.
That is what makes the Kirkbride household so rare. James, 18, Tamara, 15, Tigger, 14, and Hoppy, 10, have spent me last four years doing what other children only enjoy at weekends and holidays.
They get up when they feel like it, breakfast at leisure, and spend the rest of the day doing what they want. They walk, swim, fish, paint, read, play musical instruments, cook or sit around and chat. There has been no attempt at having any lessons since John and Melinda Kirkbride took their children out of the local school – James five years ago and the others a year later. Hoppy had been there only six days. “We did start with a sort of curriculum when we took James out”, says John, 46, a large forceful man. “But we soon realized we were repeating the mistakes of the system”.
“From the beginning, we both felt that packing our children off to school was wrong”, says Melinda, a German-born former actress. “Seeing their unhappiness made us re-examine our own school years, and remember how destructive they were”. John, formerly a TV producer, began a teachers’ training course in Norwich, “to see if I could reform from within”. He soon found he couldn’t and, after completing the course and teaching for four months, he removed himself and his children, from the system.
If the personalities of the children were the only criteria, the experiment would be an undoubted success. They are intelligent, confident, capable and considerate. All, including the two boys, cook and sew. Chores are shared without arguments. Their friendliness to each other, and to the many guests who visit the house, is natural and unforced.
“Teach is a swear word in this house”, says John. “It destroys the child’s own natural talent and creativity. Now learning – that’s a different matter. All our children learn when and if they want to learn something. They look it up in books or they go and ask someone who knows, they use their initiative – which is more than any school could teach them”.
Answer the questions:
1. How many children do the Kirkbrides have?
2. What kind of house do the Kirkbrides live in?
3. What is the Kirkbrides children’s daily routine?
4. What are the children’s personalities like?
5. Do you believe that these children will become quite knowledgeable?
Text 10
Crimes
In recent years, there has been an explosion of property-related crimes in almost every country. Despite what the majority of people think, such crime is not committed by professional criminals, nor is it carefully planned. In fact, it is the work of opportunists and theoretically, therefore, should be easy to prevent. However, it is surprising how many people still fail to take sensible steps to protect their property and belongings.
In the case of preventing theft from the home, this can be easily done by installing alarms or fitting strong locks on all points of access to the house. Burglars shy away from doors and windows which are properly secured as these can be difficult to open. Additionally, intruders are seldom keen to try their luck on buildings where there are signs of life. So the police often advise to try to give the impression that someone is at home. This may be as simple as leaving a light or television on while you are out.
As most burglaries are committed by adolescents and young men living within two or three kilometres of the victim, they tend to have a good knowledge of the area and are constantly on the lookout for the telltale signs of empty premises. Amazingly, in three out of ten breakins, the thief does not even have to use force to get in because the householder has left a door unlocked or a window open. If opportunists like these did not exist, criminals would have a much harder time and many crimes would not be committed at all.
A very visible form of property crime is the writing and spraypainting which plagues many city walls. Graffiti has long been identified as one of the major causes of the fear of crime among many city residents. If it is widespread, it may even reduce tourism for similar reasons.
The vandals themselves, on the other hand, take great pleasure in graffiti because of the ill fame it may generate for them, and although some wall paintings display a great amount of talent on the part of the artist, more common are the unattractive tags, or ‘signatures’. These are sprayed on as many places as possible and often refer to the gang or ‘crew’ to which the offender belongs. The offenders normally plan their strikes carefully and because it doesn’t take them long to spray their messages, they are rarely apprehended by the police. As a result, they seldom have convictions or a police record.
Despite the depressing statistics associated with property crime, greater cooperation between police, schools, businesses and the local community as a whole will help in the fight to reduce it.
Answer the questions:
1. What kind of crimes have been extremely popular lately?
2. Are such crimes committed by professionals?
3. How can people prevent such crimes from happening?
4. What is spray-painting?
Text 11
Applying for a Job
Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance[41] , and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that the judgements of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out.
The first reason is related to an error of judgement known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses smartly and shows self-confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of his or her real ability.
Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect[42] . This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant.
The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgement of interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more suitable than he or she really is.
Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests.
Choose the correct item:
1. The content of the story belongs to the field of1) management; 2) physiology; 3) education.
2. The idea is that job interviews, as a source of information, arevery often
1) unimportant; 2) uncompromising; 3) unreliable.
3. The halo, primacy and contrast effects can 1) make interviewers very impressionable.
2) make interviewers’ judgement incorrect. 3) hardly cause any misunderstanding.
4. The information proves that selecting personnel is more suc-
cessful if it is
1) done on the basis of interviews only.
2) performed by automatic interviewers.3) effected by a variety of procedures.
Text 12
The Need for New Infrastructures
Scientific cooperation between sociologists of Europe is of great importance. Under new conditions the social sciences are facing the need for a new infrastructure for research and for information and documentation. A close relationship between social science research and social science information and documentation on a society relevant problem area is of strategic importance.
Some time ago there was the European Coordination Centre for Social
Science Research and Documentation, the so-called Vienna Centre. A new European organisation, shaped according to the new requirements of our time is the International Social Science Council (ISSC). A considerable number of European cities have declared themselves willing to host its branches.
There are still two more organisations which have weight in the field. They are ERCOMER – European Research Centre of Migration and Ethnic Relationships (it is a Netherlands-based European research centre), and UNESCO in Paris, in particular its Division for Social Science Research and Policy, that recently launched an international programme on research аnd documentation on the Management of Social Transformation (MOST). It will not be surprising that ethnicity and multicultural society is one of the three priority themes in this programme. The other two are “cities as arenas of accelerated social transformation” and “local impacts of global environmental, technological and economic transformations”.
Answer the questions:
1. What is necessary for the development of sociology?
2. What attempts have been made?
3. What organisations have been involved?
4. What are the main issues discussed?
Text 13
The Solution of the Problem of Multilingualism
The European continent is the cradle of the social science. But language barriers prevent important social science findings from circulating adequately. International access to national social science secondary and primary information requires multilingual documentation, particularly in classifying and indexing. It also requires international information exchange policies and networking. There has been a lot of discussion on this matter within the European community. And the problem is evident. It seems to be wise for reasons of efficiency to adopt one language as a universal core language for references from all other involved language areas and as a universal communication language.
Taking the actual situation into account, English may serve well as the core documentation language, forming the link between a number of national documentation systems. Adopting English as the core language in documentation would not imply simple adoption of the meanings currently associated with English terms. Linking national language terms to English terms may differentiate and qualify meanings.
Though one is well aware of the semantic problems which are involved here. Some context-bound concepts are very difficult to identify and to translate. And there is no truth if not placed within the context. However, in spite of such difficulties the internationalization of science requires a common communication and information language. So English is to be taught to young scientists as a subject for their university exams. This is quite simple and evident. English within the university sociological education programmes starts to be a demand.
Answer the questions:
1. Where was sociology born?
2. Why can’t scientific findings spread quickly enough?
3. How can we solve this problem?
4. What problems may arise if English becomes the core documental language?
5. How can English become the international information language?
Text 14
The University of Alcot
Welcome to the University of Alcot. We very much hole that your time here will be both highly productive and highly enjoyable, but we do recognise that it is not always easy for students from other countries to adapt to campus life in Britain.
Your Hall of Residence contains twelve rooms, all like yours. The kitchen and bathrooms are communal. In the interests of hygiene and respect for your flatmates, we would ask you to keep these shared facilities as clean and tidy as possible. These rooms will be cleaned by a member of the cleaning staff once a day (Monday to Friday). However, they are not expected to do your washing-up or tidy away your things. Please be polite and respectful to your cleaners – they have a difficult and unpleasant job to do. Your Hall Tutor will introduce himself or herself to you over the next few days. If you have any problems with anything to do with your life on campus, they are there to help you.
Student social life revolves around the Student Union, which is the large yellow building opposite the library. Inside, you will find a number of shops, bars and food outlets, as well as a laundrette, two banks and a travel agent. As a student at Alcot, you are automatically a member of the Union. This entitles you to use all the facilities and to vote in all Union elections and meetings.
Regarding your course of studies, you will receive a letter in the next couple of days from your Head of Department inviting you to attend a welcome meeting for new students. You will be given further information concerning your course at this meeting. Generally, it will consist of lectures, seminars and regular meetings with your Personal Tutor. He or she will be able to deal with any academic problems or questions you may have.
If you have any problems, issues or concerns directly related to the fact that you are a non-British citizen, these can be referred to the International Office. It is staffed by one permanent Welfare Officer and a body of trained student volunteers. They are handling issues related to visas, immigration and police registration.
Further information regarding other university facilities, such as the medical centre, sports centre, arts centre and library, can be found in the accompanying Alcot Guide for Undergraduates. This also contains useful phone numbers and a map of the campus.
Answer the questions:
1. What kind of building is your Hall of Residence?
2. What is the Student Union?
3. In what way will your studies be organised if you make up yourmind to enter the University of Alcot?
4. What should a non-British citizen do if he or she has any problems?
Text 15
Man and Nature
The relations between man and nature have become one of the major problems facing civilization today. That is why ecology stands at the crossroads of politics, science and economics.
While “blank spots” have practically disappeared from the Earth’s geographical map, the “black spots” marking deserts and other areas of ecological disaster are expanding at a frightening pace. Man perfects everything, including his own shortcomings.
Our ancestors naively considered the Earth’s resources to be boundless and endless. Their ecological ignorance was not their crime, but rather their woe, for it caused the death of thousands of animal species. We shouldn’t judge those who lived in the ancient, medieval or even recent times. Man has always had to fight a hostile environment. Even in the 19th century, when the word “ecology” was born, people continued to use nature as consumers. For centuries man has been proclaimed the “lord and king” of nature, and not the child.
“Human” achievements in conquering nature became so great that man’s activity began to have an increasingly negative effect on the biosphere. For example, forests disappear at a rate of 20 hectares a minute. Today animals and plants perish mostly due to the production of industrial pollutants and the poisoning of the biosphere.
Charles Darwin once said that nature cannot lie. Today it is essential that we realize that we ourselves cannot lie to nature. We know that nature is weak and defenceless before man who has grown so strong.
Our time is witness to the beginning of “humanized nature”. Humanism is today what we need most of all, in politics, in relations among people, and in our attitude to nature. People of different convictions must work together to wipe the ugly “black spots” from the beautiful face of the Earth.
Answer the questions:
1. What do “black spots” on the Earth’s geographical map mark?
2. Are they expanding?
3. What must people do in order to wipe off these ugly “black spots”?
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6. Карневская, Е.Б. Английский язык: на пути к успеху: пособиедля учащихся ст. кл. общеобразоват. шк., гимназий, колледжей / Е.Б. Карневская, З.Д. Курочкина, Е.А. Мисуно. – 5-е изд. – Минск: Аверсэв, 2009. – 413 с.
7. Маслова, М.Е. Английский язык: практические задания дляподготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену /
М.Е. Маслова, Ю.В. Маслов, О.И. Кондратеня. – Минск:
ТетраСистемс, 2008. – 208 с.
8. Меркулова, Е.М. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Чтение, письменная и устная практика / Е.М. Меркулова [и др.]. – СПб.: Изд-во «Союз», 2001. – 384 с.
9. McCarthy, Michael. English Vocabulary in Use. Elementary /Michael McCarthy, Felicity O’Dell. – Cambridge University Press, 2008. – 168 p.
10. Павлоцкий, В.М. Проверь свой английский: пособие длятренировки и контроля качества знаний по английскому языку / В.М. Павлоцкий. – СПб.: КАРО, 2001. – 256 с.
11. Сатинова, В.Ф. Читай, изучай, говори: учеб. пособие /В.Ф. Сатинова, В.М. Иванова, М.А. Сыч. – Минск: Выш. шк., 2002. – 288 с.
12. Redman, Stuart. English Vocabulary in Use. Pre-intermediateand intermediate / Stuart Redman. – Cambridge University Press, 2009. – 263 p.
13. O’Connell, Sue. Focus on IELTS / Sue O’Connell. – PearsonEducated Limited, 2008. – 224 p.
* Ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñòóäåíòàìè äëÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû.
14. Фастовец, Р.В. Практика английской речи = English Speech
Practice: 1-й курс: учеб. пособие для студентов специальности «Современные иностранные языки» учреждений, обеспечивающих получение высш. образования / Р.В. Фастовец [и др.]; под ред. Р.В. Фастовец. – Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2006. – 480 с.
15. Фастовец, Р.В. Практика английской речи = English Speech
Practice: 2-й курс: учеб. пособие для студентов специальности «Современные иностранные языки» учреждений, обеспечивающих получение высш. образования / Р.В. Фастовец, Т.И. Кошелева, Е.В. Таболич; под ред. Р.В. Фастовец. – 2-е изд. – Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2008. – 400 с.
16. Хведченя, Л.В. Английский язык для студентов-заочников.Гуманитарные специальности: учеб. пособие / Л.В. Хведченя, О.И. Васючкова, Т.В. Елисеева [и др.]. – 3-е изд., доп. – Минск: Выш. шк., 2002. – 464 с.
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ВВЕДЕНИЕ........................................................................................... 3
UNIT 1. My studies at the university............................................ 4
UNIT 2. Introduction into sociology........................................... 71
UNIT 3. The history of sociology............................................. 119
UNIT 4. Theoretical background of sociology......................... 152
UNIT 5. Methods of sociological research............................... 183
UNIT 6. The way people and groups relate to each other......... 230
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ............................270
Учебное издание
БОЧКАР Татьяна Петровна
БАБОК Наталья Валентиновна
ЛЕВЧЕНКО Наталья Александровна
ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ
ÄËß ÁÓÄÓÙÈÕ ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÎÂ
Практикум
Техническое редактирование И.В. Сивакова
Компьютерная вёрстка: М.И. Верстак Дизайн обложки: О.В. Канчуга
Подписано в печать 2011. Формат 6084/16.
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Усл. печ. л. 15,81. Уч.-изд. л. 16,43. Тираж экз. Заказ .
Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение:
Учреждение образования «Гродненский государственный университет имени Янки Купалы».
ЛИ № 02330/0549484 от 14.05.2009.
ЛП № 02330/0494172 от 03.04.2009.
Пер. Телеграфный, 15а, 230023, Гродно.
[1] pros and cons – «за» и «против»
[2] experience – опыт
[3] job qualifications – сумма качеств, необходимых для приема на работу
[4] aptitude-tests – тесты на профпригодность
[5] trade – занятие; ремесло; профессия
[6] remains to be seen – покажет будущее
[7] Ну и что из этого следует? Зачем это надо?
[8] to remain – оставаться
[9] to urge – побуждать
[10] to contribute – делать вклад
[11] a decade = ten years
[12] expansion – распространение
[13] intangibles – «неосязаемая» собственность
[14] affection – любовь, чувство близости, привязанность
[15] proliferate – разрастающиеся
[16] large-scale – крупномасштабный
[17] tools = methods
[18] questionnaire – опросный лист, вопросник; анкета
[19] survey – опрос, анкетирование
[20] public opinion poll – опрос общественного мнения
[21] perspective – ракурс, проекция
[22] an issue of major importance – основная проблема
[23] B.C. – до н.э.; B.C. = Before Christ
A.D. = Anno domini – нашей эры
[24] reverse – изменять, менять; изменять на прямо противоположное
[25] priority – порядок очередности
[26] ought to be – должно быть
[27] insofar – насколько, в той мере, до таких пределов
[28] divine – божественный
[29] reflect on something – раздумывать, размышлять над чем-л.
[30] were believed – как считалось
[31] confer – присуждать, присваивать
[32] innate – врожденный; природный
[33] point out – указывать; показывать; обращать (чьё-л.) внимание
[34] take for granted – принимать как само собой разумеющееся
[35] ranked responses – ранжированные ответы
[36] scaled responses – ответы, представленные в виде шкалы
[37] polygyny – полигиния, многожeнство
[38] polyandry – полиандрия, многомужество, многомужие
[39] equivalency certificate – аттестат об общем среднем образовании
[40] But the poll reveals that, while men are using their phones a lot more, women are actually spending less time on the phone. – Но опрос показывает, что в то время как мужчины теперь пользуются телефоном намного больше, женщины, на самом деле, стали тратить меньше времени на телефонные разговоры.
[41] hindrance – барьер, помеха, преграда, препятствие
[42] primacy effect – эффект превосходства
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