Task 4 Complete the following sentences with the information from the text above.
1. January 2015 witnessed an important step towards further integration in Eurasia… .
2. The question of integration in financial area… .
3. The member-states agreed on creating a… .
4. The EAEU is based on the Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration of November 18, 2011, guided by … .
5. The Eurasian Economic Union is driven by… .
6. Of course, the Eurasian Economic Union’s treaty take into account the … .
7. Most of the western analysts agreed that Russian regional hegemony … .
8. …183 million people and a gross domestic product of over 4 trillion U.S. dollars (PPP).
9. … consisting of the Heads of the Member States.
10. There is also a judicial body –… .
Task 5 Read the text and single out the main instruments of a customs policy.
Customs Policy Definition and Instruments
The customs policy is one of the foundations of the European Union (EU) and is essential for the operation of the single market, which cannot function correctly without common rules that are applied uniformly at all of the Community's external borders. Whilst the principle of the free movement of goods is the internal face of the Customs Union (CU), the Common Customs Tariff (CCT) forms its external aspect since it makes it possible to apply uniform customs duties to products imported from third countries, irrespective of the Member State of destination.
In the beginning, the CCT was the arithmetic mean of the customs tariffs applied in 1957 by the Member States. On the basis of Article 28 of the Treaty, the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, has introduced many amendments, both autonomously and during tariff negotiations. For example, it did so within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT.The CCT nomenclature is a very important instrument, not only for the collection of customs duties but also in establishing statistics on foreign trade and applying measures under the trade, agricultural, fiscal or monetary policies. It is known as the "combined nomenclature" as it is used for both tariff and statistical purposes, and is based on an international classification tool, the Harmonized System (HS), which is administered by the World Customs Organization (WCO).
Parallel to the introduction of the Combined Nomenclature, the computerized database Taric (integrated tariff of the European Communities) was established in order to identify the Community provisions applicable to each good. Since 2000, it has been available free of charge on the European server: DDS database ("Tariff Data Dissemination System"). Another database available at this address is QUOTA (tariff quotas and ceilings).A further instrument of the customs policy is the Single Administrative Document (SAD), created in 1988, which greatly simplified the procedures since it replaced 150 customs documents.
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The elimination of customs formalities in 1993 resulted in the introduction of the Intrastat system for the collection of statistical information on trade between the Member States directly from traders.The establishment of various computer systems, such as the CIS (Customs Information System), ensured better cooperation among the administrative authorities of the various Member States, and between these authorities and the European Commission with a view to improve the fight against fraud and ensuring the correct application of customs rules.
Another instrument for cooperation and mutual assistance, the Naples II Convention, helped to achieve progress in the fight against infringements of national and Community customs regulations.
Finally, the Customs program aims to ensure the uniform application of customs legislation throughout the Community, to prevent fraud and to promote cooperation between the customs administrations. The customs policy is the responsibility of the Community and it is implemented by the Member States.
The Commission is responsible for initiatives concerning the development of a customs policy and proposals for customs legislation. It also ensures coordination between the administrations of the Member States and gathers opinions and information from businesses and industry at Union level. The Community negotiates tariff concessions or reductions within international bodies such as GATT.
CCT duties are determined by the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission. Only the Council may derogate from the normal application of the CCT, by implementing tariff measures such as Community tariff quotas, tariff ceilings, or total or partial suspensions of the collection of customs duties. The Member States are responsible, in particular, for cracking down on infringements of customs legislation. The national customs administrations have the job of implementing EU legislation on a day-to-day basis: collecting customs duties, excise duties and value added tax VAT on imported products.
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