Grammar notes: Word Formation: Nouns and Verbs
The endings – er, – ment, – ation, – ance, – ence, – domcan be added to many verbs to form nouns.
Task 10 Change the sentences so as to use an abstract noun instead of the verb in bold type.
1. When did the Nazi invade Poland?
2. That our knowledge of security market expands is due to the news published.
3. We consume more and more energy, which leads to depletion of natural resources.
4. He succeeded in negotiations as a result of his profound knowledge of the issue.
5. The fact that the young succeed the old on the top management teams can only be explained by the increase in the educational standards.
6. We suggest that our expenses should be reduced.
7. It took the CEO a long time to solve this problem.
8. The US party consented to participate in the green development of the region very reluctantly.
9. You perceive cultural peculiarities of China’s music quite differently from me.
10. My colleague agreed to go on that business trip only after I persuaded him.
11. Several accidents occurred as a result of the researchers’ carelessness.
12. I suggest that we should take a break now.
13. The chairperson of the meeting moved that the question be included in the agenda.
14. It was surprising how wise he answered the questions.
15. Who recommended you to list the company on the stock exchange?
16. The head of the department requested that the assignment be done on time.
17. Who proposed that the time for the meeting should be altered?
18. We are very much concerned that the natural resources of our country be carefully preserved.
19. The chairperson was determined that the decision should be postponed.
Grammar notes: Singular and Plural Nouns
Some Latin and Greek nouns retain their etymological plural forms:
Analysis – analyses
Basis – bases
Crisis – crises
Hypothesis – hypotheses
Thesis – theses
Alumnus – alumni
Alumna – alumnae
Stimulus – stimuli
Syllabus – syllabi
Criterion – criteria
Phenomenon – phenomena
Curriculum – curricula
Datum – data
Medium – media
Formula – formulas
Appendix – appendices
Index – indices
Task 11 Read the sentences and say if the words in italics take the singular or the plural form.
1. What is the yield calculated on a simple interest basis?
2. We are bound to exhaust all other hypotheses before falling back upon this one.
3. He was specializing in foreign literature, and was said to be writing a thesis.
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4. For alumni an exchange represents an unrepeatable opportunity to grow professionally, develop personal and leadership qualities, and realize their full potential.
5. The dispute that has emerged in the US and Europe between proponents of further government stimulus and advocates of fiscal retrenchment feels very much like a debate about economic history.
6. An unwillingness to hear bad news and take action is not just a business phenomenon.
7. The freedom of the mass media shall be granted.
SPEAKING
Task 12 The companies listed below have decided to trade their shares on the over-the-counter market of securities. Study the information and say which one you would like to invest in if you had a sum of $5000?
COMPANY: Sweet Leaf Tea
CO-FOUNDERS: Clayton Christopher, 36; David Smith, 36
LOCATION: Austin 2008
REVENUE: $12 million
EMPLOYEES: 47
START-UP YEAR: 1998
START-UP COSTS: About $3,000 for rudimentary manufacturing equipment; $3,000 for a secondhand van; $1,000 for a computer and printer
BREAKEVEN: Third year out on revenue of $300,000
BIGGEST EXPENSE: Offering samples at events and stores
QUALIFICATIONS: Grandma’s secret brewing technique
RED TAPE: The Texas Department of State Health Services required $3,000 worth of modifications to Christopher's site, including construction of a small wooden brewing and bottling facility within the larger warehouse space. The FDA required he submit products to a lab to create nutrition panels.
COMPANY: Paragon Space Development
FOUNDERS: Jane Poynter, 47; Taber MacCallum, 44; Grant Anderson, 46
LOCATION: Tucson 2008
REVENUE: $8 million
EMPLOYEES: 65
START-UP YEAR: 1993 Funding $75,000 in savings, student loans, and credit card debt
START-UP COSTS: A few thousand dollars for glass globes; $30,000 for computers and lab equipment; $600 a month for lab and office space BREAKEVEN: Five years out on sales of $800,000
BIGGEST EXPENSE: About $20,000 a year for travel
QUALIFICATIONS: Poynter is a biologist, MacCallum a chemist, and Anderson an engineer.
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RED TAPE: Each space agency has its own safety requirements.
COMPANY: Tarte cosmetics
FOUNDER: Maureen Kelly, 36
LOCATION: New York City 2008
REVENUE: $12 million
EMPLOYEES: 34
START-UP YEAR: 1999
START-UP COSTS: $18,000 for 5,000 makeup fills and containers
BREAKEVEN: Five years out, on undisclosed sales
BIGGEST EXPENSE: Cost of product
QUALIFICATIONS: The insights of a lifelong beauty-products junkie
RED TAPE: None
Task 13 Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What are the properties of emerging economies’ integration with the rest of the world?
2. How do cooperate governance, investor protection and financial stability interrelate?
3. What do corporate governance and investor protection policies involve?
4. How can the resilience of emerging markets to global economic crises be improved? Give examples.
5. How many recommendations does the author make to enhance corporate governance framework?
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