Read the article and find the answer to the question
a) What are the Russian equivalents of the following :
above the level
in adult male
in infants
proper substance of the lungs
external serous coat
the vital capacity of the lungs
extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib
the respiratory system
b) What can you say about Anatomy of the lungs?
The Lungs
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.
The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.
The base of the lung is located in the convex surface of the diaphragm.
The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps the pericardium.
The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female.
The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.
In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.
The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs.
LEXIS
1. Complete the following sentences with the word from the text above
a) The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.
b) The lungs are located in the _________________of the chest.
c) The lungs are covered with the ___________.
d) The ________ lung consists of three lobes and the ________consists of two ones.
Read the article and discuss it. Work in small groups
a) What are the Russian equivalents of the following :
interchange of gases
carbon dioxide
the air passages
the pulmonary alveoli
exhaled air
the inhaled air
to be lined with epithelium
cartilaginous skeleton
the lymphatic system
the organ of olfaction sound production
b) What can you say about physiology of the lungs?
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RESPIRATION
There is a continuous interchange of gases between the organism and the external environment. Man and all higher animals have special apparatus for this purpose, a system of respiratory organs.
The organs of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system. The lungs perform three major functions: ventilation, respiration and filtration. Respiration is required to bring air into the lungs, to provide blood reaching the lungs with oxygen as well as to remove carbon dioxide from them.
All the respiratory organs may be divided according to their function in the air passages and respiratory tract.
The pulmonary alveoli constitute the respiratory part. Gases between the air and the blood are exchanged in these alveoli. All the other respiratory organs are air passages through which the inhaled air and exhaled air passes.
The air passages produce resistance to the flow of air. Approximately 75 % of total air passage resistance is located in large air passages and only 25% in small air passages.
The pharynx is also one of the air passages because during respiration the air passes through its nasal and oral parts from the nasal cavity into the larynx.
One of the structural characteristics of respiratory organs is that the walls of most of them have a bony or cartilaginous skeleton and therefore do not collapse; that is why they always contain air.
The air passages are lined with epithelium which helps in the removal of the inhaled particulate matter. Mucus is secreted by mucous glands and goblet cells and helps to remove dust particles. Dust and microbes brought in with the air adhere to the mucus.
The fate of particles reaching the air passages is variable. If they reach the alveoli, they may be engulfed by macrophages, which may carry dust particles proximately into the air passages, where they are expelled in coughing or sneezing; they may carry them into the lymphatic system where dust may be deposited in the regional lymph nodes; or into the blood stream and, thus, they may be deposited in different organs and tissues and cause little reaction until they reach the pleura.
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The walls of the pulmonary alveoli have a different structure. In studying the respiratory system it should be remembered that it is also associated with other functions; olfaction and sound production. The organ of olfaction is in the nasal cavity; by means of this organ man perceives odours. The organ of sound production is the larynx.
Close up
1. These are the newspaper headlines. Rewrite them as complete sentence using Passive Voice:
1. RARE BIRD FOUND IN REMOTE COUNTRYSIDE
2. NEW JERSEY TO BE HIT BY BAD WEATHER TOMORROW
3. FIVE PEOPLE INJURED IN CAR ACCIDENT
4. POP CONCERT CALLED OFF YESTERDAY BECAUSE OF RAIN
2. Turn from Active into passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
1. They kill elephants for ivory. Elephants are killed for ivory……..
2.People chop down a lot of trees every year………………………………………
3. They should build more bus lanes………………………………………………
4. They could have written the answers more clearly………………………………
3. Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.
1 . She will send you a fax.
You will be sent a fax. A fax will be sent you.
2. They are going to show me a new technique.
I……………………………..
A new technique………………………………………………..
3. Someone gave her a book.
She…………………………………………………………………
A book………………………………………………………………
4. They give the students extra lessons.
The students……………………………………………………………
Extra lessons……………………………………………………………
5. They have shown her the plans for the house.
She……………………………………………………………………..
The plans for the house………………………………………………..…
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*3. Turn from Passive into Active.
1. He was hit by a fatting brick. ……A falling brick hit him…………..
2. She was employed by an international company………………………..
3. This essay was written by Sandra……………………………………….
4. The burglar might have been arrested…………………………………..
5. He has been sent a parcel……………………………………………………
4.Turn from Active into Passive.
1. The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis. ..The Acropolis was built by ancient Greeks…
2. Martin is writing the company report this year…………………………..
3. Somebody will clean the room tomorrow………………………………………
4. They put fresh flowers in the hotel rooms every day……………………………
5. Bad weather may delay your flight………………………………………………
6. They gave Sandy a present………………………………………………………
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