Language reference: present tense forms
Present Tenses
| Present Simple | Present Cont. | Present Perfect | Present Perf. Cont. |
| permanent situations or states She works as a nurse. She owns a large shop | temporary situations They're staying at the Park Hotel at present. | recently completed actions She has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her room. You can see it is tidy now. – evidence in the present) | actions started in the past and continuing up to the present He's been writing a letter for two hours. (He started two hours ago and he's still writing it.) |
| repeated / habitual actions (especially with frequency adverbs: often, usually etc) I usually get up at 7.30. | actions happening at or around the moment of speaking She is looking for a better job. | actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the present He has lost his keys. (He is still looking for them.) | past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present She's been crying. (Her eyes are red.) |
| permanent truths or laws of nature Money doesn't buy happiness. Water freezes at O'C. | repeated actions with "always" expressing annoyance or criticism She's always interrupting me! | personal experiences/ changes which have happened I've lost 10 kilos. | actions expressing anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation or criticism Who has been using my toothbrush? (annoyance) |
| timetables/programmes (future meaning) The match finishes at 7.45. The plane leaves at 6.05. | fixed arrangements in the near future The Browns are visiting us tonight. (It's all arranged.) | emphasis on number She's written three letters since this morning. She has called on two clients since 12 o'clock. | emphasis on duration (usually with for, since or how long) She's been calling on clients since this morning. |
| reviews/sports commentaries/ dramatic narrative Meryl Streep acts brilliantly in this film. | changing or developing situations His English is getting better. |
Note : live, feel and work can be used either in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont. with no difference in meaning.
I’ve been living/I've lived in Rome for a year.
| Time expressions used with: | |
| Present Simple | every day/week/month/year, usually, often, always, rarely, never, sometimes, in the morning/ evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays etc |
| Present Cont. | now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still etc |
| Present Perfect | just, ever, never, already, yet (negations and questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for( = over a period of time), today, this week/month etc |
| Present Perf. Cont. | How long, for, since |
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Close up: past tense forms
Past Forms
1. Complete the following irregular verb tables with the correct forms.
What do the verb forms in each table have in common?
| Infinitive | Past simple | Past participle | Infinitive | Past simple | Past participle |
| meet keep mean d) | met a)- b)_ slept | met kept c)_ e) | buy a)- catch f | bought brought c)_ fought | bought b)_ d)_ s) |
| Infinitive | Past simple | Past participle |
| ring begin b)_ d) | rang began c)- sang | rung a)_ drunk e) |
Add three other verbs to the tables. See the table of irregular verbs.
2. Work with a partner. Look at the verbs in the box and answer these questions.
| buy stay up start hurry receive go fall |
a) Which the verbs have irregular past forms?
b) How do you form the past simple form of regular verbs like stay up and. start?
c) What happens when the regular verb ends in e or a consonant + y?
d) Which auxiliary verb do you use to make past simple negative and question forms?
3. Re-write each of these sentences with past simple affirmative and negative forms.
a) Yesterday I (buy) a CD. Yesterday I bought a CD./ Yesterday I didn't buy a CD.
b) Last Saturday I (stay up) all night.
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c) This morning I (receive) an e-mail.
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d) In January I (start) a new diet.
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e) Last night I (fall) asleep watching TV.
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f) Today I (hurry) to my English lesson.
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g) Last year I (go) on holiday abroad.
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3. Tick (v) the sentences which are true for you. Compare your answers with a partner.
Past continuous
1. Look at these extracts from interview. Choose the present or past continuous by underlining the appropriate auxiliary. Which tense is used for the other verb in each extract?
a) Well, I am / was working as a nurse, and David came into the hospital ...
b) ... it is / was raining when I arrived at work.
c) What are /were you both wearing when you saw one another for the first time?
2. Which tense do you use to describe something that was in progress when another event happened?
Which tense do you use to describe an event that happened at a particular moment?
3. Work with a partner. Follow these instructions.
a) Write down three true sentences and one false sentence to describe what you were doing yesterday at each of these times: 7.30 am; 1.00 pm;6.00 pm; 1 1.00 pm.
b) Ask each other questions beginning What were you doing at ... ?
1. ………………………………………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………………………………….
c) Guess which of your partner's answers is false.
Language reference:
| Past Simple | Past Continuous | Past Perfect | Past Perfect Cont |
| past actions which happened one after the other She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it and posted it | action in the middle of happening at a stated past time He was playing tennis at 4.30 yesterday | past action which occurred before another action or before a stated past time He had left by the time I got there | action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past She had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned |
| past habit or state He used to go/went to school on foot complete action or event which happened at a stated past time She called an hour ago (When? An hour ago) | past action in progress interrupted by another past action. The longer action is in the Past Cont., the shorter action is in the Past Simple. While I was getting dressed the bell rang | complete past action which had visible results in the past She was sad because she had failed the test | past action of certain duration which had visible results in the past They were wet because they had been walking in the rain |
| action which happened at a definite past time although is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays is now dead; he won't write again- period of time now finished) | two or more simultaneous past actions While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming. or background description to events in a story The sun was shining. She was flying to Paris. | the Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect (He can't find his watch. He has lost it')He couldn't find his watch. He had lost it. | the Past Perfed Cont- is the Past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous (She is going to the doctor. Her leg has been aching for two days) She went to the doctor.Her leg had been aching for two days. |
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Time expressions used with
| Past Simple | yesterday, last week etc, (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in 1967 etc |
| Past Continuous | while, when, as etc |
| Past Perfect | for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time etc |
| Past Perfect Continuous | for, since |
Adverbs of frequency
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1. Find adverbs of frequency in this word snake. Put them in order starting with always and finishing with never.
2. How well do you know the person sitting next to you? Add an adverb of frequency from 1 to the sentences below to make true sentences about your partner.
For example: She occasionally gets what she wants for her birthday.
He doesn't usually get what he wants for his birthday.
a) He/She spends more than 1000Rub on a present…………………………………
b) He/She is positive about life………………………………………………………
c) He/She goes out at the weekend…………………………………………………
d) He/She is on time…………………………………………………………………
e) He/She has lunch at home during the week………………………………………
f) He/She goes to bed before 10.00 pm……………………………………………
3. Compare your sentences in 2 with your partner and check how many are actually true. How similar/different are you?
4. Work with a partner. Use the same ideas in 2 to make sentences about your life when you were a child. Include an adverb of frequency in each sentence. Add your own idea. Discuss how different your life is now compared to then.
For example: When I was a child I always got what I wanted for my birthday.
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