Language reference: Passive Voice
The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle
| Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Future Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect | Active Voice They repair cars. They are repairing the car. They repaired the car. They were repairing the car. They will repair the car. They have repaired the car. They had repaired the car. They will have repaired the car. | Passive Voice Cars are repaired. The car is being repaired. The car was repaired. The car was being repaired. The car will be repaired. The car has been repaired. The car had been repaired. The car will have been repaired. |
The Passive is used :
1. when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)
The road repairs were completed last week.(unimportant agent)
The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police - obvious agent)
2. to make statements more polite or formal.
My new suit has been burnt. (It's more polite than saying "You've burnt my new
suit".)
3. when the action is more important than the agent - as in news reports, formal notices,
instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements etc.
Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)
The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)
Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)
4. to put emphasis on the agent.
The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.
Note : we use the Passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object)'
They built that castle in 1600. That caste was built in 1600.
In colloquial English get can be used instead of be to express something
happening by accident. She got sunburnt last week. (more usual than "She was sunburnt last week'")
Changing from Active into passive
The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new Subject sentence. The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent .The agent (= person who does the action) is introduced with ,,by,, or it is omitted.
| Subject | Verb | Object | Agent | |
| Active | Bell | invented | the | telephone |
| passive | The telephone | was invented | by Bell |
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We use by +agent to say who or what did the action. We use with + instrument or material to say what instrument the agent used.
He was knocked down by a lorry.(The lorry did the action.) The door was locked by the man with a key.( The key is the instrument the agent used)
The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (Flour, sugar and eggs are the materials the agent used.)
We put the agent ( = person who performs the action) into the passive only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context, it is omitted. Agents such as: someone, people, I you etc. are omitted.
Macbeth was written by Shakespeare. ( The agent is not omitted ; it adds information) Somebody took my pen. – My pen was taken ( by somebody). (unknown agent; it is omitted)
After modal verbs (will, can, may etc.) we use be+past participle or have been + past participle
They may close down the supermarket. - The supermarket may be closed down.
With verbs that take two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person.
They sent a letter to him. – He was sent a letter.(more usual) / A letter was sent to him.(less usual)
Make, hear, see, help are followed by a to - infinitive in the passive.
They made me apologies. – I was made apologies.
The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc. can be used in the following passive patterns
a) It + passive + that _ clause (impersonal construction)
b) subject (person) + passive + to -in; ;l:;;lenitive ( personal construction)
People say she is rich. It is said that she is rich. She is said to be rich
ALIMENTARY TRACT
Lexis
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| membraneous anus pharynx esophagus pancreas gland salivary duodenum jejunum ileum caecum colon rectum stomach | intestine small intestine large intestine gallbladder important tongue coated tongue palate soft palate hard palate through portion alimentary mouth to measure |
1. Work with a partner and write down any derivatives of the following words
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Pattern
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