Language reference: adverbs of frequency
always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never
The most usual positions are:
- Before the main part of the verb.
I always tell them the same thing. Men don't usually want brightly coloured ties.
- After the verb be.
I'm normally on a diet. She's hardly ever on time.
Present perfect
1. Work with a partner. Look at these two sentences and answer the questions.
Model:1. Yes, I did various jobs when I was a student.
2. Oh, yes. I've done hundreds of jobs over the years.
a) Which sentence refers to a completed action in 'finished' time. What is the name of the tense used?
b) Which sentence refers to a completed action in time 'up to now'. What is the name of the tense used?
c) How do you form the affirmative, negative and question forms of the tense identified in b?
2. Put the time expressions in the box under the appropriate heading. Add three expressions of your own under each heading
| when I was a student over the years recently a few years ago last week today never yesterday inl999 this week |
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| 'Finished' time | Time 'up to now' |
| When I was a student | over the years |
3. Complete these sentences with a time expression from 2, or one of your own. Choose the appropriate tense and try to make all the sentences true for you. Compare your sentences with a partner.
For example: a). I met a lot of interesting people when I was in Tokyo
a) I 've met /met a lot of interesting people ......................................
b) I haven't been / didn't go to the beach ............................................
c) I've bought/bought a great CD .........................................................
d) I 've spent / spent too much money ................................................
e) I haven't seen / didn't see any good films ......................................
f) I 've done / did a lot of silly things ................................................
4. Divide the irregular verbs in 3 into two groups: Group A where the past simple and past participle forms are the same; and Group B where they are different.
| Group A Infinitive | Past simple | Past participle |
| meet | met | met |
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| Group B Infinitive | Past simple | Past participle |
| go | went | gone |
5. Add the following verbs to the appropriate group in 4. There are a total of eight verbs in Group A and twelve verbs in Group B.
| Bite choose drive eat feed give hear hide sell sleep stick write wear take |
*6. Work with a partner. Make questions from the following prompts.
a) best or worst / holiday / go on What's the best holiday you've ever been on?
b) best or worst /meal / eat …………………………………………………….
c) best or worst / T-shirt / wear………………………………………………..
d) best or worst / joke/ hear……………………………………………………
e) best or worst / party / go to…………………………………………………..
f) best or worst / car / go in…………………………………………………………
g) best or worst /bed/ sleep in…………………………………………………
7. Choose three questions from 6 and ask your partner. Find out as much as you can.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Lexis
| Language toolbox | |
| Vascular pericardium apex septum atrium ventricle coat to dilate to contract endocardium | pacemaker capillary valve fibrous pulmonary chamber myocardium vein artery |
1. Work with a partner and write down any derivatives of the following words
Pattern
| septum | Septal |
| apex locate dilate contract system ventricle atrium endocardium myocardium to circulate aorta |
Reading
III. a) Read the text.
b) Find Russian equivalents to the following:
cone-shaped muscle
a complex pump
an inner lining
the general system
pulmonary system
the semilunar valve of the aorta
the pulmonary artery
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the mitral valve
the tricuspid valve
a middle layer
an outer fluid-filled sac
the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time
a heart rate
cause electrical impulses to spread over
What is the heart?
The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscle that's about the size of an adult fist and usually found to the left of our breastbone.
The heart is the most important organ in our body. It is basically a complex pump, responsible for circulating blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body.
Parts of the heart
| Did you know? The average weight of a healthy female human heart is 9oz (255g). A man's heart is usually slightly bigger at around 10.5oz (300g) |
Every heart is made up of three layers:
- an inner lining called the endocardium
- a middle layer of muscle called the myocardium
- an outer fluid-filled sac known as the pericardium.
The heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium and left atrium are the upper chambers of the heart the right ventricle and left ventricle are the lower chambers. A muscular wall called the septum separates the right and left sides of the heart. Each of the chambers has valves. The valves have different names:
- the tricuspid valve is at the exit of the right atrium
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- the mitral valve is for the left atrium
- the pulmonary valve is at the exit of the right ventricle
- the aortic valve is at the exit of the left ventricle.
Their purpose is to allow blood to move forwards through the heart and to prevent it flowing backwards into the previous chamber.
Vascular system consists of three groups of vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. The largest artery in the human body is the aorta. There are two largest veins in the human body: the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava.
| How does the heart work? The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as systole. In the first stage of systole, the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time, pushing blood down into the lower chambers (ventricles). Blood is pumped from the right atrium down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the left ventricle. In the second stage of systole, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main artery (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up oxygen | 
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The heart then relaxes – known as diastole. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated.
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The different sides of the heart have different functions.
On the right side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen-depleted blood from your body and pushes it via the lower chamber and the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. Here blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
On the left side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. This is pumped via the lower chamber into the aorta and out to the body to provide cells with the crucial oxygen they need.
What makes the heart beat?
On average, most people have a heart rate of around 72 beats per minute at rest. This varies according to fitness, age, exertion and general health.
Each heart beat is triggered by an electrical pacemaker - a group of cells in the heart that have the ability to generate electrical activity. They cause electrical impulses to spread over the heart and make it contract.
The largest natural pacemaker of the heart is called the sinoatrial or SA node and is found in the right atrium. From it, specialized groups of cells that carry the electrical charge lead off to the rest of the heart.
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