Система глагольных времен действительного и страдательного залога в английском языке.
5.1.1. Таблица времен глаголов.
Основные трудности и тестовые задания, связанные с глаголом, определяются наличием 26 (!) времен действительного и страдательного залогов.
Таблица времен глаголов.
| Время | Использование | Примеры | Используе-мые обстоятель-ства времени, предлоги и вводные слова |
| SIMPLE PRESENT | (A) настоящее состояние дел (B) общеизвестный факт (C) регулярно происходящее действие и (или) установившийся распорядок (D) будущее действие, происходящее по расписанию или по программе | (A) My sister lives in Washington. (B) The sun rises in the east. (C) I listen to the radio in the mornings. He generally buys a lot of historical books. (D) My flight leaves at 10:00. | Usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, from time to time, often, at times, и др. |
| PRESENT CONTINUOUS | (A) действие, происходящее в момент речи (B) действие, происходящее в течение настоящего периода времени или его промежутка (C) запланированное действие в будущем (D) негативные привычки | (A) Andrew is watching TV (right now). (B) My sister is living in Washington. He is writing a new article. (C) He is taking his examination on Friday. (D) I am always forgetting about his birthday. | At the moment, now, today, at present still |
| SIMPLE PAST | (A) законченное действие в прошлом (B) законченное событие в прошлом, не имеющее связи с настоящим (C) действие, регулярно происходившее в прошлом (D) описание последовательных событий в прошлом | (A)The mail came early in the morning. (B) John worked in advertising for ten years. (C) We jogged every morning before classes. (D) She ran out of the house, jumped on her bike and rode off. | yesterday, a minute (day, week …) ago, last year (month, week …), the day before yesterday |
| PAST CONTINUOUS | (A)Действие, продолжавшееся в момент другого, более быстрого действия. (B) событие, происходившее в определенный момент в прошлом (C) длительное состояние или повторяющиеся действия в прошлом (D) запланированное действие в прошлом | (E) I was reading when the telephone rang. (F) We were discussing the problem at ten o’clock last morning. (G) She was looking very ill. I was meeting lots of people at that time. (H) Nancy was leaving for Chicago but had to make a last-minute connection. |
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| PRESENT PERFECT | (A) действие, случившееся в неопределенный момент в прошлом и имеющее связь с настоящим (B) если в настоящем важен результат действия в прошлом (C) действие, произошедшее недавно (D) действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся до настоящего момента (часто с for или since) (E) действие, происходившее какое-то число раз до настоящего момента | (A) She has never attended an international conference. I’m sorry. I have forgotten your name. (B) Have you ever organised press conferences? (C) He’s just met Dr Wittner. (D) Jacky has lived in Maine all her life. I’ve been here since Monday. He’s known her for two weeks. (E) We have flown across the Pacific four times. I’ve failed my test twice. | just, already, never, yet, ever, for, since, so far, this week / month, year … up to now, lately, recently |
| PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS | (A) действие, начавшееся в прошлом и только-что закончившееся, налицо результат действия (B) действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся в настоящем (C) действие, повторяющееся длительный период в прошлом и продолжающееся в настоящем (D) общее действие, которое происходит без уточнения конкретного времени | (A) Have you been ranking the lawn? There’s grass all over your pant legs. (B) Laura has been studying for two hours. (C) Simon has been smoking since he was fifteen I have been phoning you all morning. (D) I’ve been thinking about going to college next year. | for, since How long…? |
| PAST PERFECT | (A) действие в прошлом, произошедшее раньше другого действия в прошлом (B) действие, совершившееся до определенного момента в прошлом | (A) Tom had left hours before we got there. (B) I had finished it by 5 p.m. | |
| PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | (A) длительное прошедшее действие, с указанием его длительности, совершавшееся в момент наступления другого действия в прошлом (B) длительное прошедшее действие, закончившееся перед моментом наступления другого действия в прошлом | (A) I had been working for an hour before you came. (B) He felt tired as he had been looking through the paper for several hours. |
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| SIMPLE FUTURE (will) | (A) решение, принятое в момент речи (B) предсказание вероятного события в будущем по личному мнению (C) выражение готовности, желания что-либо сделать | (A) Perhaps I’ll call you after lunch. (B) You will pass the test. Don’t worry. (I think so.) (C) If I don’t feel better soon, I will go to the doctor. | perhaps, probably, possibly, I think, I am sure, I wonder |
| FUTURE CONTINUOUS | (A)продолжительное действие в определенный момент будущем (B) продолжительное действие, которое будет совершаться в отрезке времени, но не непрерывно (B) недлительное действие, когда выражается уверенность в его совершении | (A) At noon tomorrow, I’ll be giving a lesson. (B) I’ll be preparing for my examination in May. (C) He’ll be meeting us near the laboratory. | At noon, at 5 o'clock, at midnight, at that moment |
| FUTURE PERFECT | (A) действие, которое будет закончено к определенному времени в будущем | (A) By next July, my parents will have been married for fifty years. | |
| FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS | (A) подчеркивается продолжительность периода времени, который пройдет до определенного момента в будущем | (A) By May, my father will have been working at the same job for thirty years. |
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5.2. Настоящее и прошедшее время и связанные с ними указатели времени.
Важным основанием для выбора временной формы является указатель времени в предложении. Достаточно часто выбор времени глагола целиком зависит от обстоятельства времени, например, при выборе между Past Simple и Present Perfect.
Упр.5.2.1. Определите, с какими указателями времени следует употребить Past Simple, а с какими - Present Perfect.
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1. the day before yesterday; 2. a week ago; 3. in the past; 4. at that time; 5. lately; 6. today; 7. a minute ago; 8. just; 9. since; 10. never; 11. this year; 12. so far; 13.yesterday; 14.just now; 15.ever; 16.last Wednesday; 17.last night; 18.not yet; 19.up to now; 20.last century; 21.this century.
Упр .5.2.2. Употребите а) Past Simple или б) Present Perfect
1. ... you ever (to visit) ... Hungary? 2. Our group ... (to tour) Yugoslavia this month. 3. The film ... (to produce) a good impression on me. 4. A fortnight ago the theatre ... (to produce) a new play.
5. When ... you (to finish) ... school? 6. I ... (to happen) to see John the other day. 7. I … (to start) writing my book two years ago. 8. I … (to write) half of it since. 9. We … (to witness) great progress in space research this century.
Упр.5.2.3. Определите, в правильном ли грамматическом времени употреблен глагол в сответствии с указателем времени.
a. So far no uniform international policy against terrorism is established.
b. Some of the city's swimming pools were closed since the end of last summer.
c. From time to time even the healthiest individual needs to have a complete physical examination.
d. The city council is for some time now considering widening that street.
e. By this time next year, most students will leave school and return home.
f. Up until now, no cure for cancer is found.
g. It has been raining steadily since yesterday.
h. At the time of his death, John Kennedy has still been in his forties.
i. In the early part of the 20-th century, immigrants are coming to America in great numbers.
5.3. В ремен а Present Simple и Present Continuous.
При выполнении следующих заданий следует помнить, что ряд глаголов, как правило, не употребляются в длительном времени. Это глаголы, характеризующие умственную деятельность: know, realise, suppose, understand, believe, remember, forget, think, assume, consider, expect, agree, mean, doubt и др.;
глаголы эмоций: like, dislike, love, hate, envy, prefer, wish, want, care и др.;
глаголы обладания: have, own, belong, contain и др.;
глаголы чувств: see, hear, smell, taste и др.
Однако многозначность этих глаголов не делает это правило абсолютным.
Упр.5.3.1. Определите, в правильном ли грамматическом времени употреблен глагол.
a. I get up at seven in the morning.
b. I'm liking black coffee.
c. He's speaking three languages.
d. I think Mexico's a beautiful country.
e. Restaurants are staying open late in Spain.
f. We usually eat at one o'clock.
g. He's having a flat near the centre.
h. What are you thinking of Shakespeare?
i. I'm so dirty I need a bath right now.
j. Peter's in the kitchen. He cooks breakfast.
k. What are you thinking about?
Упр.5.3.2. Закончите следующие предложения, употребив каждый глагол дважды: один раз в Present Simple, а другой - в Present Continuous.
Have
a. He ______ four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces.
b. I _______ lunch with my mother tomorrow.
Think
a. What ________ you _______ of Stephen Spielberg's latest film?
b. You're day-dreaming. What ___________ you __________ about?
Expect
a. I ______ an important phone call from America. Could you tell me when it comes?
b. I _____ you're hungry after so much hard work. Shall I get you something?
Appear
a. He _________ to understand what you say to him, but when you ask him a question, he isn't so sure.
b. Roy Pond _________ at Her Majesty's Theatre in the role of King Lear.
Smell
a. Something ___________ good in the kitchen. What's cooking?
b. Why __________ you __________ the meat? Do you think it's gone off?
Weigh
a. I need to know how much the meat _____ to know how long to cook it for.
b. Why _____ you _____ yourself? Do you think you've put on weight?
See
a. I _________ what you mean, but I don't agree.
b. She ________ a solicitor about her aunt's will.
Have
a. I usually pick up languages quickly, but I ____ difficulties learning Chinese.
b. He __________ more clothes than a department store.
Look
a. It ________ as if it's going to rain.
b. What are you doing on your hands and knees? ______ you ______ for something?
Think
a. What _________ you ________ of doing when you leave here?
b. How much ________ you _________ it would cost to fly to Australia?
Упр.5.3.3. Вставьте один из глаголов: hear , listen to , see , look at , watch в правильной форме. С глаголами hear и see часто употребляется can или can ' t.
a. I have a lovely view from my room. I _________ the whole city.
b. A What's Peter doing?
B He ________ music in his bedroom.
c. In winter I like ___________ the photographs of my summer holiday.
d. In the evening I usually __________ the news on television.
e. I find it difficult to sleep because I __________ the traffic all night.
f. Can you speak louder? You're speaking so quietly that I _______ you.
g. ____________ that strange man over there! What's he doing?
h. Please __________ what I'm saying. It's very important.
i. A Where's Maria?
B Over there. She ________ the picture on the wall.
j. Oh dear! Where are my glasses? I __________ anything without them.
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