Present Perfect или Past Simple?
Упр.5.6.1. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени.
a. Barbara Lively________ (write) a lot of books. She ________ (write) her first fifteen years ago.
b. ______________ you ever ___________ (try) Indian food?
c. I _____ never _____ (be) to Japan. When _____ you _____ (go) there?
d. I ____________ (live) in London for eight years, and I don't want to move.
e. He __________ (live) in Oxford for two years, and then in 1995 he _________ (move) to London.
f. We ____________ (meet) Tim and Maureen three years ago. How long _________ you _________ (know) them?
Упр.5.6.2. Вставьте одно из предложенных слов в каждое предложение.
Ever, never, for, since, already, just, yet
a. He's worked there many years, 1986, I believe.
b. I have loved anyone as much as I love you.
c. We've known Paul two years. Have you met him?
d. I've known him we went to school together, but I've met his parents.
e. We have sold two hundred tickets and there is still a month to go before the concert.
f. I have visited New York. I’m looking forward to going.
g. Have you thought of learning to fly?
h. I have received my exam result. It came ten minutes ago.
i. Janet hasn’t finished with the camera. She needs it tomorrow.
Упр.5.6.3. Задайте вопросы, используя глаголы в соответствующем времени.
a. How long __________ you __________ (live) in your town?
b. ___________ you ever __________ (drink) champagne?
c. How many foreign countries ___________ you ___________ (visit)?
d. Where ___________ you _________ (go) on holiday last year?
e. How long ____________ you ____________ (know) your best friend?
Упр.5.6.4. Употребите глагол в скобке в правильном времени (Present Perfect или Past Simple).
a. Carlos _______ (come) to London before Christmas. When he ________ (arrive), he ________ (go) to stay with some friends. He _________ (be) in London for several months, and he's going to stay until the autumn.
b. A I'm looking for Susan. ___________ you ___________ (see) her?
B I _____ (see) her yesterday, but not today. _______ you ________ (look) in the coffee bar?
A Yes. I ___________ (go) there before I _____________(ask) you.
c. A John, you know I ____________ (borrow) your bicycle last night. Well, I'm afraid I ____________ (lose) it.
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B That's awful! Where ______ you _______ (go)? What time ______ it ______ (happen)?
A Well, I ________ (leave) your house at 8.00, went home and _________ (chain) it outside my house. Someone must have taken it during the night. I ________ (phone) the police, and they're coming soon.
B OK. You can tell them what _______________ (happen).
Упр.5.6.5. Закончите предложения, соединяя строчку из колонки А со строчкой из колонки В.
A a) Jane's angry because.
b) Anne's disappointed because.
c) Julie's excited because.
d) Kate's jealous because.
e) Mary's worried because.
B 1) she hasn't heard from her parents for a long time, and hopes they're all right.
2) she's just seen someone in the kind of car that she wants to buy.
3) her boyfriend hasn't arrived and they're already late for the party.
4) she's just won first prize in a competition.
5) she's had to cancel her holiday, and she was so looking forward to it.
Страдательный залог.
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle).
Как и в русском языке, страдательный залог употребляется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает действие. Формой выражения лица или предмета, производящего действие, является косвенное дополнение с предлогом by (или with, если косвенное дополнение обозначает инструмент или орудие труда) :
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The images are computed by a four-processor system.
Non-destructive observation of specimen surface microstructures down to 10 nm or less can be carried out with an electron scanning microscope.
Страдательный залог также употребляется в тех случаях, когда необходимо описать какие-либо процессы, а также когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или когда считают ненужным его упоминать:
Business letters are usually written on special forms.
This educational networking project is designed for self-managing groups of students, teachers and resource administrators.
Для всех рассмотренных времен существуют конструкции в страдательном залоге. В страдательном залоге отсутствует форма Future Continuous, а также времена группы Perfect Continuous. Ниже дана таблица времен в страдательном залоге.
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | |
| Present | I am invited. | I am being invited. | I have been invited. |
| Past | I was invited. | I was being invited. | I had been invited. |
| Future | I shall be invited. | - | I shall have been invited. |
| Future in the Past | I should be invited. | - | I should have been invited. |
При употреблении страдательного залога следует помнить, что в английском языке, как и в русском, есть переходные (которые могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) и непереходные (которые не могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) глаголы. Переходные глаголы могут употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. Непереходные глаголы употребляются только в действительном залоге.
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Упр.5.7.1. Прочитайте следующие предложения и решите, является подчеркнутый глагол переходным или непереходным.
a. The rule doesn’t apply.
b. His dream came true.
c. The temperature was slowly rising during the experiment.
d. The government raised taxes on imported goods.
e. He succeeded in solving the problem.
f. We all breathe, eat and drink.
g. The conference opens at 9 a.m. on Monday.
h. The computer weighs some 1.5 kg.
i. It costs 1.3 thousand dollars.
j. The Australians don’t like cold weather.
k. Babysitters look after children.
l. In the course of Soviet period people never really elected their authorities.
m. She made herself a cup of tea.
n. The teacher makes students prepare for every lesson.
o. The student put down an unknown word in his dictionary.
p. Our state will hardly pay off all its debts soon.
q. Look at the timetable to know when the train arrives at the station.
Упр.5.7.2. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, опустив подлежащие.
1) You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
2) Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.
3) We use this room only on special occasions.
4) You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.
5) Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
6) Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife.
7) Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in?
8) Someone will serve refreshments.
9) Someone has already told him to report for duty at six.
10) No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.
11) People are spending far more money on food now that they spent ten years ago.
12) The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.
13) It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child.
14) They are pulling down the old theatre.
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Упр.5.7.3. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, упоминая исполнителя, где необходимо. Если в исходном предложении есть прямое или косвенное дополнение, сделайте косвенное дополнение подлежащим в новом предложении.
Пример: They gave her a clock. She was given a clock.
Обратите внимание на предложения 12, 15, где переход от актива к пассиву осуществляется с помощью вспомогательного глагола should.
1) Who wrote it?
2) Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed.
3) He expected us to offer him the job.
4) They showed her the easiest way to do it.
5) Lightning struck the old oak.
6) Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of dress till after his death.
7) Did the idea interest you?
8) The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.
9) They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity.
10) Students are doing a lot of the work.
11) The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock.
12) They recommended opening new factories in the depressed area. (should)
13) Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions.
14) We will not admit children under sixteen.
15) They suggested making the tests easier. (should)
**Упр.5.7.4. Страдательный залог часто используется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию,при описании процессов или когда не важен исполнитель. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, и подумайте, какой залог уместнее использовать в каждом случаеи почему.
1) Dr Brown widely used statistical methods in his field.
2) I am going to submit a paper to the program committee.
3) Landau introduced the conception of energy density matrix in 1927.
4) We have processed the data obtained with the help of a computer.
5) This procedure reduces the energy losses.
6) Visualisation specialists often use conceptual illustration and data-driven visualizations interchangeably.
7) They projected graphics in stereo onto three walls and the floor.
8) They are displaying both input circuit parameter values and output signal in the same space.
9) A biologist can link sells together into networks, and even systems of networks, to explore how the brain's circuits work.
10)People have used numbers for record-keeping and commercial transactions for centuries.
11)They maintained these conditions throughout the experiment.
12)No one can do anything unless someone can give us more information.
13)Everyone may use this program both to explore precomputed datasets and to interactively steer supercomputer simulations.
14)Participants wear stereo glasses to view the images in 3D.
15)In a recent article in Science, authors have discussed the difficulty of evaluating numerical simulations.
16)A group of researchers has created these models recently using General Neural Simulation System, a versatile software package developed a decade ago.
17)Nobody can do science without computers.
**Упр.5.7.5. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, начав предложения с указанных слов.
a. You have sent us the wrong items again. (The wrong ….. )
b. You should have delivered this consignment last week. (This consignment …)
c. Someone broke two of the VDUs during transportation. ( Two ….. )
d. You should have sent the documents by registered post. (The documents ….. )
e. A faulty connection could have caused the problems with the hard disk. (The problems ….. )
f. You omitted the manuals from the order. (The manuals ….. )
g. You delivered the printers over three weeks late. (The printers ….. )
h. We will not pay the invoice until this problem is rectified. (The invoice ….. )
Упр.5.7.6. Переделайте предложения в действительный залог. Если исполнитель не указан: "This door must be kept shut” (школьное объявление) - введите его : "Students must keep this door shut”.
1) Why don't you have your eyes tested?
2) This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.
3) The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports.
4) By tradition any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen.
5) Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs.
6) Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months.
7) The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.
8) He was made to surrender his passport.
9) This scientific theory has now been proved to be false.
10) Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage?
11) It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads.
12) Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank.
Упр.5.7.7. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму в газетных сообщениях:
Castle fire.
Winton Castle (a) _________ (damage) in a fire last night. The fire, which (b)__________ (discover) at about 9 o'clock, spread very quickly. Nobody (c)____________ (injure) but two people had to (d) _____________ (rescue) from an upstairs room. A number of paintings (e)_____________ (believe/ destroy).
It (f) _____________ (not/know) how the fire started.
Shop robbery.
In Paxham yesterday a shop assistant (a)_______________ (force) to hand over $500 after (b) ______________ (threaten) by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which (c)_____________ (steal) earlier in the day. The car (d) ____________ (later/find) in a car park where it (e) ____________ (abandon) by the thief. A man (f)_____________ (arrest) in connection with the robbery and (g)_____________ (still/question) by the police.
Road delays.
Repair work started yesterday on the Paxham-Longworth road. The road (a) ________ (resurface) and there will be long delays. Drivers (b)_________ (ask) to use an alternative route if possible. The work (c)_________ (expect) to last two weeks. Next Sunday the road (d)________ (close) and traffic (e)__________ (divert).
Accident.
A woman (a)_____________ (take) to hospital after her car collided with a lorry near Norstock yesterday. She (b)______________ (allow) home later after treatment. The road (c)_____________ (block) for an hour after the accident and traffic had to (d)______________ (divert). A police inspector said afterwards: The woman was lucky. She could (e)_______________ (kill).
Упр.5.7.8. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени и залоге.
Пример: My car was stolen (steal) last night.
Joseph Ford, the politician who (a) __________ (kidnap) last week as he was driving to his office, (b) __________(release) unharmed. He (c) _______ (examine) by a doctor last night, and (d) _____(say) to be in good health. Mr Ford (e) _____ (find) walking along a small country lane early yesterday evening. A farmer (f) _______ (see) him, recognized who it was, and (g) __________ (contact) the police. When his wife (h) __________ (tell) the news, she said, "I am delighted and relieved that my husband (i) ________ (find)." Acting on information received, the police made several arrests, and a man (j) ________ (question) in connection with the kidnapping.
Упр.5.7.9. Превратите предложения в пассивные.
a. Someone will give you your tickets at the airport.
b. People asked me a lot of questions about my background.
c. Someone usually shows airline passengers how to use a life jacket at the beginning of the flight.
d. If somebody offers you a cheap camera, don't buy it. It's probably stolen.
e. Someone will tell you what you have to do when you arrive.
f. My parents advised me to spend some time abroad before looking for work.
g. Pleased to meet you. People have told me a lot about you.
h. In a few years' time, my company will send me to our New York office.
*Упр.5.7.10. В следующих предложениях некоторые глаголы (но не все) употреблены в действительном залоге, хотя страдательный залог был бы более уместен и наоборот. Измените те предложения, которые по Вашему мнению нуждаются в исправлении, имея в виду, что пассивные конструкции также используется, если хотят сделать утверждение безличным, чтобы, например, избежать ответственности за сообщение неприятного известия. Сравните два следующих утверждения, которые может сделать компания.
Пример: We have awarded our staff a twenty per cent pay rise.
Unfortunately, the number of staff will be reduced by fifty per cent.
a. Someone built this bridge in 1901.
b. No one has seen the escaped prisoner since a guard was knocked out by him and he ran away.
c. A secretary has invited me to Buckingham Palace to collect an award!
d. Someone wants you in reception.
e. The telephone, which was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, revolutionized man's ability to communicate.
f. The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men redundant.
g. At interviews, people ask you quite searching questions.
h. Alexander Graham Bell was a scientist and inventor. The telephone was invented by him in 1876, and he also worked on early radio transmitters.
i. Scientists working in California have discovered a drug which stops premature aging. They will now manufacture the drug commercially, and it should be available soon.
j. Nobody must take reference books out of the library.
k. The Health Service has prospered under this government. It is true that we have closed hospitals and spent less money, but the system is now streamlined.
l. A tiger was found roaming in a suburban garden today. Mrs Ethel Templeton found the tiger while she was hanging out her washing.
m. We broke a few cups while you were away. Sorry. They'll be replaced. Apart from that, we didn't do much damage at all.
n. I'm a fantastically successful author. I have sold over one million copies of my books.
o. Doctors have given him six months to live.
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