BATTLE ON THE VOLGA RIVER: FROM THE FIRST DAYS TO THE COUNTER-OFFENSIVE. ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS WITNESS...
Kadutskov Dmitry Konstantinovich
Leading specialist of the Department of use of documents and social and legal information of Volgograd Region Centre of the Recent History Documentation dmitrykaduckov@mail.ru
6 Dymchenko Street, 400005, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article deals with the documents that reveal the set of measures undertaken by local authorities – Stalingrad City Defense Committee and Regional Committee of the Communist Party – aimed to prepare the Stalingrad Region population and economy to response the enemy attack. The attention of the author is also focused on private documents, including memoirs of local residents and participants of the Battle of Stalingrad.
Key words: A. S. Chuyanov, Stalingrad City Defense Committee, evacuation, partisan regiments.
B mdne 2017 f. mcmonhmnoca 75 net co ghe hauana oghofo ms bawheummx co6ɵtmu b mctopmm hamefo kpae – Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, kotopae kopehhɵm o6pasom mobnmena ha ganaheummu xog Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ.
B cbesm c hactoeyeu gatou ha cefoghemhmu geha octaetce aktyanahɵm msy- uehme mhofmx bompocob mhofonmkou mctopmm Ctanmhfpagckofo cpawehme, cpegm kotopɵx – opfahmsayme o6opohɵ Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm ot hemeyko-Øammct- ckmx saxbatumkob.
bonamyd momoya ham b stom mofyt okasata apxmbhɵe gokymehtɵ, mmedyme xapaktep kak genompomsbogctba, tak m nmuhofo mpomcxowgehme.
Kak msbectho, 17 mdne 1942 f. mepegobɵe uactm 6-u hemeykou apmmm mo- gomnm k py6ewy p. fmp, fge c hmmm bctymmnm b 6ou uactm 62-u apmmm Ctanmh- fpagckofo Øpohta, uto m mocnywmno hauanom paccmatpmbaemofo hamm co6ɵtme.
A. C. fyehob, b 1939–1946 ff. – mepbɵu cekpetapa Ctanmhfpagckofo o6koma BKM(6) m mo cobmectmtenactby b 1941–1945 ff. – mpegcegatena Ctanmhfpagcko- fo fopogckofo Kommteta o6opohɵ (CFKO), b cbomx bocmommhahmex ykasɵbaet ha to, uto 17 mdne f. Ctanmhfpag ywe 6ɵn mepemonheh sbakympobahhɵmm, a Bonfa haxogmnaca mog hempepɵbhɵm o6ctpenom hemeykou abmaymm. Cam fopog, mo bɵ- pawehmd A. C. fyehoba, 6ɵn «moxow ha fmfahtckmu fapaw mnm cknag bcebos- mowhofo go6pa» [1].
Ctomt, oghako, sametmta, uto eye go hauana hemocpegctbehhɵx 6oeb ha tep- pmtopmm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm mecthɵe opfahɵ bnactm – Ctanmhfpagckmu fopogckou Kommtet o6opohɵ (CFKO), Ctanmhfpagckmu o6nacthou kommtet BKM(6) – mpegmpmhenm kommnekc mep, hampabnehhɵx ha mogfotobky hacenehme m xoseuctba o6nactm k otpawehmd bpaweckofo hamagehme.
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Tak, b cootbetctbmm c ykasahmem Focygapctbehhofo Kommteta O6opohɵ
13 mdne 1942 f. mpmhmmaetce moctahobnehme 6dpo Ctanmhfpagckofo o6ko- ma BKM(6) «O6 sbakyaymm ckota, mmyyectba, cpegctb mpomsbogctba konxosob, MTC, cobxosob m gpyfmx focygapctbehhɵx, koomepatmbhɵx m o6yectbehhɵx op- fahmsaymu ms pauohob, pacmonowehhɵx mo mpabomy 6epefy pek Xompa m ¶oha». Takwe b stot geha, 13 mdne, Ctanmhfpagckmu o6kom BKM(6) mpmhmmaet mo- ctahobnehme «O6 sbakyaymm getckmx gomob ms CepaØmmobmuckofo, Mogtenkob- ckofo, Kymɵnwehckofo, Hexaebckofo, ¶o6pmhckofo, Xomepckofo, Vpdmmhckofo
m Anekceebckofo pauohob o6nactm».
3bakyayme matepmanahofo mmyyectba m hacenehme mpoxogmna b tewenɵx ycnobmex – b manom konmuectbe y mecthofo hacenehme haxogmnaca he tonako texhmka, ho m bpeme.
Kak otmeuan b bocmommhahmex C. b. bangaeb, b 1942 f. – hauanahmk monmty- mpabnehme fephɵmkobckou MTC, «sbakyayme 6ykbanaho mna mo ofhehhou bo- ehhou gopofe. <…> mhofga ot saxbata bpafom pemanm kakme-to 2–3 uaca» [2].
14 mdne 1942 f. ykasom Mpesmgmyma Bepxobhofo Cobeta CCCP Ctanmhfpag- ckae o6nacta o6aebneetce ha boehhom monowehmm, m oghobpemehho b o6nactm o6a- ebneetce mo6mnmsayme b Kpachyd Apmmd mywumh b bospacte ot 18 go 50 net.
15 mdne 1942 f. Ctanmhfpagckmu o6kom BKM(6) hampabmn pauohhɵm komm- tetam o6nactm tenefpaØhoe ykasahme o hemegnehhom Øopmmpobahmm maptmsah- ckmx otpegob m mpmbegehmm mx b 6oebyd fotobhocta. ¶ne pykobogctba maptm-
sahckmm gbmwehmem 6ɵna cosgaha omepatmbhae fpymma bo fnabe c cekpetapem o6koma 8. B. uemmhɵm. Ko bpemehm btopwehme bpafa b mpegenɵ o6nactm yga- noca mogfotobmta 34 pesepbhɵx maptmsahckmx otpega o6yeu umcnehhoctad 879 6ouyob. B cenackmx pauohax cosgabanoca mo oghomy otpegy umcnehhoctad ot 18 go 25 uenobek.
¶ne yckopehme ctpomtenactba mhwehepho-o6opohmtenahɵx coopywehmu CFKO mpmhmmaet 17 mdne 1942 f. moctahobnehme «O mpomsbogctbe bspɵbhɵx pa6ot ha ctpomtenactbe o6opohmtenahofo py6ewa 3-fo Ctanmhfpagckofo o6bo- ga». B gokymehte o6payanoca bhmmahme ha to, uto heo6xogmmo 6ɵno «oxpaheta mogxogɵ m mogaesgɵ c yenad mpegotbpayehme bosmowhofo momagahme ndgeu m ckota b mopawaemyd sohy» [3].
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Pemae bompocɵ skohommueckou 6esomachoctm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm, 22 mdne 1942 f. CFKO mpmhmmaet moctahobnehme «O6 ytbepwgehmm fpaØmka pa6o- tɵ Ctanmhfpagckou shepfocmctemɵ», b kotopom fobopmnoca o sampete pykobo- gmtenem, pa6oumm m cnywaymm mpegmpmetmu monasobatace yfnem gne 6ɵtobɵx m nmuhɵx hywg [11].
B cbesm c mckndumtenaho hampewehhou cmtyaymeu c bogocha6wehmem hace- nehme o6nactm 27 mdne 1942 f. bɵxogmt moctahobnehme CFKO «O mepompmetmex mo 6ecmepe6ouhomy o6ecmeuehmd mpegmpmetmu m hacenehme f. Ctanmhfpaga bo- gou», cofnacho kotopomy yctahabnmbance pewmm ctpofou skohommm bogɵ.
B uacthoctm, sampeyanaca monmbka ynmy, cagob m ofopogob, a takwe o6mɵbka abtomammh ms bogopas6ophɵx konohok. Oghobpemehho yctahabnmbanoca kpy- fnocytouhoe gewypctbo gemytatob Cobetob m o6yectbehhoctm pauohob mo ha- 6ndgehmd sa pas6opom bogɵ [4].
Kak ywe pahee otmeuanoca, b Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm b ycnobmex boehhɵx geu- ctbmu ocyyectbnenoca ctpomtenactbo mhwehepho-o6opohmtenahɵx coopywehmu.
H. M. bopogmh, b 1941–1943 ff. – cekpetapa Ctanmhfpagckofo o6koma BKM(6) mo ctpomtenactby m ctpomtenahɵm matepmanam, mmcan, uto «21 abfycta 1942 f., kofga bpaf mpopbance k fopogy, fopogckou Kommtet o6opohɵ mpmhen upesbɵuau- hoe moctahobnehme o6 ycmnehmm ctpomtenactba 6appmkag ha ynmyax m mnoyagex fopoga. bɵno moctpoeho 1800 m ynmuhɵx 6appmkag. Cothm gomob ctanm omop- hɵmm myhktamm, yctahabnmbanmca mpotmbotahkobɵe ewm» [5].
bopogmh takwe ykasɵban ha to, uto «b sto we bpeme hauanoca ctpomtenactbo weneshou gopofm Hnobne – Kamɵmmh mpotewehhoctad 144,5 km, 6ɵno mpoms- begeho: 2,1 tɵc. ky6ometpob semnehɵx pa6ot; 56 gepebehhɵx m 22 kamehhɵx mocta; moctpoeho 6 ctahymu, 5 pasaesgob» [6].
Ctomt otmetmta, uto hemeyko-Øammctckme afpeccopɵ aktmbhɵm o6pasom mpobogmnm ahtmcobetckyd mpomafahgy, ctpemeca mpmbneua mecthoe hacenehme ha cbod ctopohy.
B oghou ms goknaghɵx Ctanmhfpagckofo o6koma BKM(6) ykasɵbanoca, uto b hacenehhɵe myhktɵ moutm eweghebho c6pacɵbanmca c hemeykmx camonetob nmctobkm, mpmuem b takom konmuectbe, uto mx 6ɵno «tpygho cboebpemehho y6m-
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pata» [7]. B uacthoctm, y oghofo fpawgahmha hamnm nmctobkm b konmuectbe 395 mtyk, kotopɵe oh «haco6mpan gne kypehme» [7].
Kak cbmgetenactbydt apxmbhɵe gokymehtɵ, hemeyko-Øammctckae mpoma- fahga b otgenahɵx cnyuaex go6mbanaca owmgaemofo sØØekta. Hampmmep, ogha fpawgahka, umtae nmctobky, saebmna: «Kofga mpmgyt hemyɵ, e hapegho ogehyca m 6ygy c hmmm fyneta, a bosmowho sa hemya samyw bɵugy» [7].
Cpegm otgenahɵx fpawgah benmca pasfobopɵ cnegydyefo cogepwahme: «Hama Kpachae Apmme he bɵgepwmt ygapa hemeykou apmmm. Ckopeu 6ɵ 6ɵn mmp!» [7].
B cbesm co ctona ctpemmtenahɵm hatmckom bpaweckou mpomafahgɵ mecthɵ- mm opfahamm bnactm mpobogmnaca 6onamae pa6ota mo moggepwahmd mopanahofo hactpoe hacenehme.
Cofnacho moctahobnehmd CFKO ot 23 mdne 1942 f. otgen afmtaymm m mpoma- fahgɵ Ctanmhfpagckofo fopkoma BKM(6) o6esɵbance hampabneta gne pa6otɵ ha ctpomtenahɵx py6ewax nektopob, mpomafahgmctob m afmtatopob, a ha pegaktopa fasetɵ «Ctanmhfpagckae mpabga» A. F. 8mnmmmoba bosnafanaca sagaua ewegheb- ho gobogmta go ctpomteneu py6eweu cbegehme o monowehmm ha Øpohte [8].
Mo mepe mpogbmwehme hemeyko-Øammctckmx bouck bfny6a Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm, mpobogmnaca sbakyayme mecthofo hacenehme. Tak, 16 abfycta 1942 f. 6dpo Ctanmhfpagckofo o6koma BKM(6) mpmhmmaet moctahobnehme «O6 sbaky- aymm fpawgahckofo hacenehme ms pauohob 6oebɵx geuctbmu Kpachou Apmmm», cofnacho kotopomy heo6xogmmo 6ɵno «<…> go 22 abfycta c. f. sbakympobata bce fpawgahckoe hacenehme ms hacenehhɵx myhktob pauohob 6oebɵx geuctbmu b monoce ot ctahmyɵ Mahammho, ¶mmtpmebkm, Mapmhobkm, Cp.-]apmyɵhckofo, H.-]apmyɵhckofo m nebofo 6epefob ¶oha» [9].
Bce 6onee mmpoko pasbopaumbadymuce macmta6 6oebɵx geuctbmu ha teppm- topmm o6nactm he mpepban geetenahocta takmx sabegehmu, kak mkonɵ.
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Pemehmem mcmonhmtenahofo kommteta Ctanmhfpagckofo o6nacthofo Cobeta gemytatob tpygeymxce m 6dpo Ctanmhfpagckofo o6koma BKM(6) ot 18 abfycta 1942 f. «O pa6ote mkon b 1942–1943 yue6hom fogy» hauano yue6hɵx sahetmu b mnagmmx knaccax yctahabnmbanoca c 1 cehte6pe, a b cpeghmx – c 1 okte6pe 1942 f. [10].
Vumtɵbae to o6ctoetenactbo, uto bo mhofmx mkonax pasmeyanmca boehhɵe focmmtanm, paspemanoca mcmonasobata gne mkonahɵx sahetmu sgahme kny6ob, ms6-umtaneh, wmnɵx gomob m uacthɵx kbaptmp. Oghobpemehho sampeyanoca ot- pɵbata yumteneu m yuaymxce ot yue6hofo mpoyecca ha kakme-nm6o gpyfme pa- 6otɵ.
B mepmog 6oebɵx geuctbmu he mpekpayanm cbod pa6oty mpomɵmnehhɵe mpegmpmetme f. Ctanmhfpaga. Hampmmep, bo bpeme owectouehhɵx 6oeb ha mog- ctymax k fopogy cygoctpomtenahɵu sabog ¼ 264 mpogonwan bɵmyckata kopmycɵ tahka T-34.
H. M. 3acnabckmu, b 1941–1944 ff. – gmpektop Ctanmhfpagckofo cygoctpom- tenahofo saboga, bcmommhan takou smmsog: «Mɵ monyumnm sagahme bɵsbonmta
tahk <…>. Pa6ota benaca mog ofhem mpotmbhmka. Tonako hamm komahgmpɵ mpm- cmoco6mnmca, uto6ɵ tahk moctabmta ha fycehmyɵ, hauanaca ataka hemeykmx tahkob. Pa6ota boso6hobmnaca tonako tofga, kofga hemyɵ otctymmnm. Tahk 6ɵn bɵtayeh ha mnotmhy, m gba moyhɵx tefaua motaymnm efo ha pemoht» [11].
B oghou ms cmpabok boehhofo otgena Ctanmhfpagckofo fopkoma BKM(6) ykasɵbaetce, uto «sa bpeme c 22 abfycta mo 14 cehte6pe ha fopog 6ɵno c6po- meho: 6onee 20 tɵc. Øyfachɵx 6om6 becom ot 50 go 1000 kf m 6onee 13 tɵc. ot 1 go 50 kf <…> bɵnm momehtɵ, kofga hag fopogom oghobpemehho haxogmnoca go 82 camonetob mpotmbhmka» [12].
Bɵmemepeumcnehhɵe Øaktɵ ebctbehho mokasɵbadt bhemhdd, o6aektmb- hyd ctopohy Ctanmhfpagckofo cpawehme (coymanahɵe, boehho-skohommueckme acmektɵ). Ho b he mehee mhtepechom pakypce ham mowet 6ɵta mpegctabneha c momoyad apxmbhɵx gokymehtob bhytpehhee ctopoha paccmatpmbaemofo co- 6ɵtme (Øaktop uenobeueckmu, mnm, mhɵmm cnobamm, nmuhocthoe bocmpmetme m oyyyehme yuacthmkob co6ɵtme)
C. C. benyfmha, b ghm Ctanmhfpagckofo cpawehme – yuacthmya maptmsah- ckofo gbmwehme, tak ommcɵbaet mpoyecc 6oebou mogfotobkm: «Mɵ msyuanm mogpɵbhoe geno, afehtyphyd pasbegky, taktmky 6oe. Hac ogenm b boehhyd Øopmy, Øopmɵ gne gebymek eye he 6ɵno, m mɵ hagenm 6otmhkm congatckme, bmecto pasmepa 35 – 42 <…>. Kagpobɵu oØmyep sahmmance c hamm ctpoebou mogfotobkou kak c kagpobɵmm congatamm, hmuefo ham he mpoyae. 3a kawgyd omnomhocta (3a hemogumhehme! O6 stom m peum he 6ɵno.) hakasɵbanm hapega- mm bhe ouepegm» [13].
Kawgyd houa gabanm tpebofy «B mepbɵu pas mhofme he ycmenm ogetace, a bmhtobkm sa6ɵnm b kasapme. Ho ckopo hac mpmyumnm, m bmhtobka 6ɵna camɵm 6nmskmm gpyfom».
B. M. Hohob, b 1942 f. – hauanahmk mta6a 39-u fbapgeuckou ctpenkobou gm- bmsmm, bcmommhan o tom, kakmm omachoctem oh mogbepfce bo bpeme oghofo ms 6oeb ha ynmyax Ctanmhfpaga b okte6pe 1942 f.: «Bo btopou monobmhe ghe choba sapeben ypafah. Konmuectbo camonetob ygbomnoca. Moebmnmca «mysɵkahtɵ» – camonetɵ Œ-87 c cmpehamm m bodymmm 6om6amm. <…>. 8ammctɵ ctanm c6pa- cɵbata c camonetob hapegy c 6om6amm myctɵe weneshɵe 6oukm, 6mgohɵ m kyckm penac. Fpom paspɵbob, bou, cbmct m ckpewet bɵbopaumbanm gymy. <…> Mocne- gobano heckonako ofnymmtenahɵx bspɵbob. Bosgyx mepemeyance c mɵnad, sem- ne samnecana mog hofamm. Vgapmbmmca o ctehky okoma, e otneten b ctopohy, m ctano temho. Ouhynce. ¶ɵmata tpygho. Hmuefo he 6onmt, ho teno kak bathoe. Xmb? ¶a. Ha stot pas mmhobano» [14].
H. M. 3acnabckmu ommcɵbaet geha hauana kohtphactymnehme hammx bouck mog Ctanmhfpagom cnegydymm o6pasom: «20 hoe6pe ha paccbete hauanaca ap- tmnnepmuckae kahohaga, [kotopae] moghena ha hofm beca konnektmb saboga. Bce mohmmanm, uto haumhaetce kpymhoe hactymnehme hammx bouck, xote o pasmepax eye he gofagɵbanmca. <…>.
O6wmfadyme cepgye cnoba «3a kpoba!» bɵsɵbanm b moctpoehhɵx konohhax fpomoboe «Vpa!». bouyɵ kmganm mamkm bbepx. udgm nmkobanm. ¶a m ytpo b stot geha hoe6pe bɵganoca conheuhɵm, temnɵm» [15].
Npmmeuahme
1. ]ehtp gokymehtaymm hobeumeu mctopmm Bonfofpagckou o6nactm (ganee ]¶HHBO). 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 341. u. 1 o6.
2. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 888. u. 5.
3. ]¶HHBO. 8. 171. Om. 1. ¶. 1. u. 179 o6.
4. ]¶HHBO. 8. 171. Om. 1. ¶. 1. u. 185 o6.
5. ]¶HHBO. 8. 171. Om. 1. ¶. 1. u. 182.
6. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 382. u. 5.
7. ]¶HHBO. 8. 113. Om. 12. ¶. 114. u. 3.
8. ]¶HHBO. 8. 113. Om. 12. ¶. 62. u. 271.
9. ]¶HHBO. 8. 113. Om. 12. ¶. 62. un. 344–345.
10. ]¶HHBO. 8. 113. Om. 12. ¶. 62a. u. 7.
11. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 111. un. 12, 33.
12. ]¶HHBO. 8. 71. Om. 2. ¶. 86. u. 1.
13. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 700. u. 3.
14. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 421. u. 4.
15. ]¶HHBO. 8. 149. Om. 3. ¶. 111. un. 12, 33.
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