ITALIAN FORCES AT THE STALINGRAD FRONT: FACTS, ASSESSMENTS, MEMOIRS
Giusti Maria Tereza
Doctor of Sciences (History)
Professor of modern and social history of the Department of literature, art and social sciences of D’Annunzio University (Italy) mt.giusti62@gmail.com
Chieti-Pescara Via dei Vestini 31 – 66100, Chieti, Hmanue
Abstract. The article addresses different problems of the study of the history of the Italian Military Campaign of Benito Mussolini government against the Soviet Union in 1941, including Russian and Italian historiography and memoirs. Separate section highlights the details of the hostilities of the 8 Italian Army (ARMIR) in Stalingrad in 1942–1943.
Key words: Eastern campaign, Mussolini, fascists, ARMIR.
1. Ectopmofpaøme m memyapɵ
8ammctckae boehhae kammahme behmto Mycconmhm mpotmb Poccmm b 1941 f. mpegctabneetce camɵm bmeuatnedymm co6ɵtmem b mametm mtanaehckofo hapoga. Xote mtanaehckme boucka 6ɵnm sahetɵ ha gpyfmx Øpohtax – bo 8pahymm, b AØpmke m ha bankahax – mmehho Boctouhɵu Øpoht octabmn 6onamou cneg b memyapax m ghebhmkax betepahob. Hecmotpe ha to, uto mpmcytctbme mtanaehckmx bouck ha stom Øpohte he 6ɵno takmm shaumtenahɵm, kak ha gpyfmx, bce pabho bo mhofmx mpoms- begehmex cogepwatce bmeuatnehme o bouhe, o mpoctpahctbe Poccmm m ee knmmate.
B Htanmm sa mocneghme gecetmnetme Boctouhɵu moxog monyumn mmpokoe otpawehme b nmtepatype. ¶ne haymm pasfpom yenou apmmm b sachewehhɵx goh- ckmx ctemex, mnehehme m mepexogɵ, mposbahhɵe mtanaehyamm «davaj», ctanm kpymheummm cdwetom ymegmefo ctonetme, tpafmueckmm bomnoyehmem mmØa o 6eckpauhmx m fm6enahɵx gne uywesemyeb mpoctopax Poccmm, o «fehepane-mopo- se» m safagouhoctm gymm cnabeh (sauactyd cmacabmmx ot cmeptm hesagaunmbɵx okkymahtob).
Oghako mtanaehckae mctopmofpaØme hauana sahmmatace stou temou he tak gabho.
Hauhem c pycckou mctopmofpaØmm. B 1968 f. mockobckoe msgatenactbo «Mew- gyhapoghɵe othomehme» omy6nmkobano mohofpaØmd Feopfme Cemehobmua 8m- natoba (1923–1982) «Boctouhɵu moxog Mycconmhm». Hccnegobahme bmghofo mctopmka-mtanaehmcta c y6egmtenahɵm ahanmsom xoga co6ɵtmu bobnekno b ha- yuhɵu o6opot ochobhɵe mtanaehckme my6nmkaymm tofo bpemehm.
Poccmuckme yuehɵe mocne mohofpaØmm 8mnatoba gonfo he o6payanmca k gahhou teme, m b yenom o6 mtanaehckou afpeccmm, gawe b momynephɵx msgahmex, b Poccmm mmcanm pegko: bpafom 6ɵn hemey, a bobce he pactepehhɵu, fonoghɵu m he6pmtɵu «makapohhmk». Hmehho hegoymehme m gawe cypoboe coctpagahme mepeg 6esgɵxahhɵm tenom congata ARMIR sbyumt b tanahtnmbom ctmxotbope- hmm M. Cbetnoba «Htanaehey» (1943): «fephɵu kpect ha fpygm mtanaehya, / Hm pesa6ɵ, hm ysopa, hm fnehya, – / He6ofatɵm cemeuctbom xpahmmɵu / H egmh- ctbehhɵm cɵhom hocmmɵu… / Monogou ypowehey Heamone! / fto octabmn b Poccmm tɵ ha mone? / Mouemy tɵ he mof 6ɵta cuactnmbɵm / Hag poghɵm shame- hmtɵm sanmbom? / <…> Hmkofga tɵ sgeca he wmn m he 6ɵn!.. / Ho pas6pocaho b chewhɵx monex / Htanaehckoe cmhee he6o, / 3acteknehhoe b meptbɵx fnasax…». umma b mocneghee bpeme hauanm moebnetace mccnegobahme o6 yuactmm mtanaeh- yeb b bouhe b Poccmm.
Hampmmep, Fanmha bɵkobckae m Bepa Makegohckae msyuanm pona anammuckmx bouck ha ¶ohy, a Onafa ¶y6pobmha mpoahanmsmpobana coymonofmueckmu acmekt bouhɵ ha ochobe othomehmu mewgy fpawgahckmm hacenehmem m okkymahtamm.
Mmxamn Kapmaueb mccnegoban gokymehtɵ, othoceymece k mpmcytctbmd mta- naehyeb ha Bopohewckom Øpohte. O6 stom Øpohte hammcan takwe Cepfeu 8mno- hehko: mcxoge ms gokymehtob, haxogeymxce b apxmbax b Bopohewe, b mocneghme fogɵ oh omy6nmkoban pashɵe ouepkm m khmfm o6 yuactmm mtanaehyeb b omepaym- ex ha ¶ohy m ha Bopohewckom Øpohte.
2. Nogfotobıa ı bouhe
Macmta6ɵ haymohanahou gpamɵ bɵpawehɵ b ctatmctmke: ms Htanmm ha Boctok otmpabmnoca 700 weneshogopowhɵx coctabob c congatamm, a bephynoca nmma 17. ¶pyfme ymØpɵ: 230 tɵc. mo6mnmsobahhɵx bomhob, 100 tɵc. mabmmx, 80 tɵc. boehhomnehhɵx – octatok ot apmmm mogcumtata hetpygho. Tak mnaueb- ho sakohumnce moxog Mycconmhm b «saymty ebpomeuckou ymbmnmsaymm», moxog,
kotopofo he wenan gawe Fmtnep, he fobope o hemeykmx boehhɵx cmeymanmctax, shabmmx, kak teweno mpmxogmtce mtanaehckmm bouckam ha gpyfmx Øpohtax. Cmeptad cbomx congat b ganekmx ctemex gyue b mtofe mogmmcan cmepthɵu mpm- fobop camomy ce6e. ¶o cmx mop b konnektmbhom coshahmm mtanaehyeb fnabhou m Øatanahou omm6kou Mycconmhm ctan efo anaehc c haymctckou Fepmahmeu m yuactme b 6eccnabhom «kpectobom moxoge» mpotmb Cobetckofo Codsa.
fto kacaetce mtanaehckou mctopmofpaØmm, mepbɵm abtopom, kotopɵu mpeg- nowmn pekohctpykymd co6ɵtmu «Kpachae Apmme m pasfpom mtanaehyeb» ha 6ase pycckmx gokymehtob, 6ɵn ¶wopgwo Ckotohm (2007). Hemeykmu mctopmk Tomac Hnemmep b 2005 f. omy6nmkoban khmfy «Htanaehyɵ ha Boctouhom Øpoh- te», b kotopou ctapance mpogemohctpmpobata, uto mtanaehyɵ benm ce6e tak we, kak hemyɵ-okkymahtɵ. Khmfa «Htanaehckmu moxog b Poccmd. 1941–1943 ff.» ha 6ase pycckmx gokymehtob ocbeyaet co6ɵtme c toukm spehme he tonako fehepa- nob, ho m mpoctɵx congat, a takwe cobetckmx fpawgah, wehymh, geteu.
Bocctahobmm b o6ymx ueptax stot camɵu tpafmueckmu mepmog sa bcd mcto- pmd pyccko-mtanaehckmx othomehmu. HctopmofpaØmueckae tpagmyme genehme Pycckofo moxoga Mycconmhm yctahabnmbaet uetɵpe uetko bɵpawehhɵx stama:
1) mo6egohochoe mpogbmwehme mtanaehyeb k ¶ohy;
2) mx ctoukoe compotmbnehme bo bpeme kohtpatakm Kpachou Apmmm;
3) pasfpom m otctymnehme;
4) mneh m pematpmayme.
Boehhɵe ycmexm haymctob bo 8pahymm b 1940 f. mogtonkhynm Mycconmhm k mpmhetmd pemehme o bctymnehmm Htanmm b hobyd mmpobyd bouhy. Ha sto y hefo mmence peg coo6pawehmu: bo-mepbɵx, gmktatop cumtan ce6e mepbɵm co- dshmkom Fmtnepa, m mostomy oh gonweh 6ɵn 6ɵta ha Boctouhom Øpohte, xote Fmtnep efo he mpocmn. Bo-btopɵx, Mycconmhm xoten momemata CCCP go6patace go Cpegmsemhofo mope, ho oghobpemehho oh he xoten yctymata hemyam sty mo- smymd m mnahmpoban bectm tam heuto bpoge «mapannenahou bouhɵ» c Fepmahm- eu. Mocnegheu, ho he mehee bawhou yenad 6ɵno monyumta pycckyd heØta.
Eye b 1939 f. Mycconmhm mpegctabmn bonamomy Øammctckomy cobety ctpa- tefmueckmu mnah, cofnacho kotopomy Htanme gonwha 6ɵna monyumta co6ctbeh- hɵu bɵxog k okeaham, sabnageb Fm6pantapckmm mponmbom m Cysykmm kahanom. B takom cnyuae ctpaha mpebpayanaca b mmpobyd gepwaby, cmoco6hyd comephm- uata gawe c codshou Fepmahmeu. Oghako geuctbme, mpegmpmhetɵe b pamkax «ma- pannenahou bouhɵ», cpasy we o6hapywmnm hemogfotobnehhocta mtanaehckmx bouck m mx komahgobahme: ataka ha Fpeymd (28 okte6pe 1940 f.) o6patmnaca b satewhyd cepmd mopawehmu.
K cowanehmd, meuanahɵu fpeueckmu ypok gyue he ycbomn. Cpasy mocne hama- gehme Tpetaefo peuxa ha CCCP Mycconmhm o6aebmn o bctymnehmm b sty bouhy m Htanmm: emy he tepmenoca momacta b ctah mo6egmteneu, otopbata kym m yhmsmta samaghɵe gemokpatmm (gne Mycconmhm – «mnytokpatmm»). Mpm stom b yenom oh bcefga ctpomn cbod boehhyd m mpouyd monmtmky, ommpaeca ha mocnymhɵx,
hmkofga he mpotmbopeumbmmx emy boehauanahmkob. Cnegyet sametmta, uto ot- betctbehhocta sa stot pokobou maf newana he tonako ha gyue – b tot mepmog b mtanaehckmx boehho-mpomɵmnehhɵx cØepax tak we suØopmueckm meutanm o6 skcmahcmm Htanmm sa cuet cocegeu m gawe ganahmx ctpah.
Koheuho we, Mycconmhm he mpmcnymmbance k fonocy Manammpo Tonaettm, beyabmefo mo Mockobckomy pagmo 29 mdhe 1941 f. b cbomx «O6payehmex k mtanaehyam»: «B apmmm Hamoneoha I b 1812 f. towe 6ɵnm mtanaehyɵ, kotopɵx mocnanm ha 6ouhd kak pa6ob, b mogumhehme gecmota-mhoctpahya. 3tot kopmyc coctoen ms 27390 congat, mndc 10 tɵc. heamonmtahyeb. B kohye stou kammahmm shaete, ckonako ms hmx bephynoca ha pogmhy? Bcefo nmma 330, bknduae pahehɵx m mhbanmgob. Octanahɵe cnowmnm cbom fonobɵ ha bopogmhckom mone, ha xonmax Manoepocnabya, ha 6epefax Mockbɵ-pekm m bepesmhɵ». Vbɵ, cyga6a mtanaeh- ckmx congat b XX b. cnowmnaca cxowmm o6pasom.
Omepayme «bap6apocca»
Eye 30 mae 1941 f. Mycconmhm mopyumn hauanahmky Fehmta6a fehepany Vfo Kabannepo opfahmsobata Htanaehckmu skcmegmymohhɵu kopmyc (Corpo di spedizione italiano) gne otmpabkm b CCCP. Kofga cmycte tpm hegenm Fmtnep he- owmgahho gne cobetckou ctopohɵ hauan omepaymd «bap6apocca», Mycconmhm tyt we o6aebmn o mpmcoegmhehmm k fepmahckou ctopohe – hapegy c 8mhnehgmeu, Behfpmeu m Pymɵhmeu. B o6yeu cnowhoctm hemyɵ m mx codshmkm mocnanm ha Boctouhɵu Øpoht 190 gmbmsmu.
B tenefpamme ms bepnmha Mycconmhm coo6yanoca o mpmhetmm Htanmm b ka- uectbe codshmka b fepmaho-pycckou bouhe m mpegybegomnenoca o bɵcɵnke nmu- hofo mmcama Ødpepa k gyue. 3to mmcamo 6ɵno mepegaho cobethmkom hemeykofo moconactba b Pmme pahhmm ytpom 22 mdhe. Tofgamhmu mmhmctp mhoctpahhɵx gen Faneayyo fmaho b cboem ghebhmke coo6yaet, uto hoty Htanmm o6 o6aebne- hmm bouhɵ CCCP yganoca bpyumta cobetckomy mocny tonako okono 12.30. Co- betckmu mocon bɵcnyman gpamatmueckoe msbectme 6ecctpactho: bce aygmehyme gnmnaca gbe mmhytɵ. Mocon Htanmm b Mockbe Pocco gm Cah Cekohgo o mogfo- tobke codshmkob mo «ocm» k bouhe hmuefo he shan.
10 mdne 1941 f. ms Htanmm ha boctok otmpabmnoca heckonako weneshogo- powhɵx coctabob, b o6yeu cnowhoctm 216 bafohob. Htanaehckmu skcmegmymoh- hɵu kopmyc b Poccmm (CSIR) haxogmnce mog komahgobahmem fehepana ¶wobahhm Mecce, kotopɵu bosfnabnen CSIR c mdne 1941 f. mo 31 okte6pe 1942 f., kofga efo ms-sa «mopawehuectba» samehmn fehepan ¶smhfanec.
3kcmegmymohhɵu kopmyc hacumtɵban 62 tɵc. uenobek, pacmpegenehhɵx mo mexothɵm gmbmsmem «Topmho» m «Masy6mo», gmbmsmm «fenepe», mpeo6pasobah- hou ms monka 6epcanaepob, gbyx kabanepmuckmx monkob m uetɵpex 6atanaohob uephopy6ameuhmkob. Ha py6ewe mdne – abfycta 1941 f. kopmyc 6ɵn gmcnoympo- bah b Kapmatax, ha teppmtopmm Pymɵhmm m Boctouhou Behfpmm, fge efo bhegpm- nm b coctab 11-u hemeykou apmmm.
Htanaehyɵ he 6ɵnm fotobɵ k bouhe: hago otmetmta, uto he xbatano gawe fpysobmkob, m boehhɵe gonwhɵ 6ɵnm mpeogonebata pacctoehme ot cobetcko-py- mɵhckou fpahmyɵ go nmhmm Øpohta memkom.
B cepegmhe abfycta gmbmsme «Masy6mo» bmepbɵe mpmhena yuactme b boehhɵx geuctbmex, bmecte c hemyamm nmkbmgmpye compotmbnehme Kpachou Apmmm ha teppmtopmm mewgy ¶hempom m byfom. 3atem c teppmtopmm Pymɵhmm mepemna b hactymnehme gmbmsme «Topmho», ycmemho yuactbye b okpywehmm cobetckmx bouck mog Metpmkobkou. Takmm o6pasom, CSIR o6pasoban 150-kmnometpobɵu Øpoht, kotopɵu c okte6pe, mocne magehme Kmeba m ycmexob hemyeb ha dwhou Vkpamhe, ctan 6ɵctpo mpogbmfatace ha boctok. K kohyy okte6pe mtanaehyɵ mogctymmnm k 6acceuhy ¶ohya m k bawheumemy metannypfmueckomy yehtpy – f. Ctanmho (cobp. ¶oheyk).
Oghako ywe mocne «powgectbehckmx» 6oeb, 25–30 geka6pe 1941 f., kofga mecta cobetckmx gmbmsmu mepemnm mog Ctanmho b kohtpataky, gne CSIR ha- uanaca Øasa o6opohɵ. B mdne 1942 f. b stou sohe hemyɵ mepemnm b hoboe ha- ctymnehme, k kotopomy mogkndumnce m CSIR, mpogbmhybmmca ha pacctoehme b 500 km b ctopohy ¶oha.
Bosmowho, stm hauanahɵe ycmexm mosbonmnm Mycconmhm ybepobata b fpe- gyyyd mo6egy ctpah ocm, xote mhofoe gonwho 6ɵno efo hactopowmta. Cta- hobmnoca ebhɵm, uto fmtnepobckmu mnah monhmehochou bouhɵ ha Boctoke he ygance m uto mtanaehckae apmme he mpmcmoco6neha k begehmd 6oebɵx geuctbmu ha o6mmphɵx cobetckmx teppmtopmex – b mepbyd ouepega, ms-sa hmskou cteme- hm motopmsaymm uacteu m b yenom mnoxou texhmueckou o6ecmeuehhoctm CSIRa. Htanaehyam he xbatano samuacteu m fopduefo: mo saknduehhou gofobopehhoctm c hemyamm mocneghme gonwhɵ 6ɵnm moctabneta fopduee mtanaehyam, oghako te mcmonasobanm gmsenahoe tomnmbo, kotopofo he 6ɵno y hemyeb, monasobab- mmxce 6ehsmhom. ¶awe boopywehme mtanaehyeb he cootbetctbobano hywhɵm mapametpam. KatactpoØmueckoe monowehme cnowmnoca m c o6myhgmpobahmem, cgenahhɵm mo o6pasyam Mepbou mmpobou bouhɵ m hmkak he mpmcmoco6nehhɵm k gonfmm mepexogam mo pycckmm ctemem m k mecthomy knmmaty, – oco6o meuana- hɵm 6ɵno coctoehme o6ybm.
Kofga ctano echo, uto hago fotobmtace k hobou smmheu kammahmm, komahgo- bahme CSIR coctabmno memopahgym gne Fehmta6a. Oghako mcmonhehme mpegmm- cahmu mo ynyumehmd o6myhgmpobahme, m fnabhoe mo efo cootbetctbmd pycckou smme, 6ɵno ganekmm ot ygobnetbopmtenahofo. K mpmmepy, k cepegmhe hoe6pe, kofga temmepatypa heowmgahho chmsmnaca, tonako tpeta mtanaehckmx congat monyumna smmhme monymy6km ha mexy. Mpm stom mhofoe octanoca newata ha cknagax – mtanaehckme tɵnobmkm mpoebmnm mpectymhyd hepactopomhocta, bɵ- kasɵbae kpauhee hewenahme pacmpegeneta monyuehhoe ms Htanmm o6myhgmpoba- hme. ¶ymaetce, uto peua mna he o ca6otawe mnm mpegatenactbe, sgeca bɵpasmnce tpagmymohhɵu mehtanmtet «boehhofo o6osa» – Øopmmpobata ha bcekmu cnyuau samacɵ m otgabata mx tonako b cnyuae pemmtenahofo hawmma.
Hempabmnaho oyehmb mepbohauanahɵe ycmexm hemyeb m mpegmonafae mony- umta 6oname tpoØeeb sa cuet 6onamefo yuactme, Mycconmhm pemmn ycmnmta boehhoe mtanaehckoe mpmcytctbme b Boctouhou kammahmm. B cootbetctbmm c takmm pemehmem ha Pycckmu Øpoht 6ɵn otmpabneh yenɵu apmeuckmu kopmyc
– 8-e apmme, monyumbmae hasbahme «Armata Italiana in Russia» (ARMIR), t. e.
«Htanaehckae apmme b Poccmm», kyga 9 mdne 1942 f. bkndumnm m uactm CSIR. Egmhctbehhɵm, kto mɵtance stomy mpotmboctoeta, 6ɵn cam komahgmp CSIR,
fehepan Mecce, otosbahhɵu b mtofe b Htanmd 1 hoe6pe 1942 f. Fehepan k tomy momehty ywe ocoshan bcd matkocta monowehme mtanaehyeb m pactyymu moteh- yman Kpachou Apmmm. Eye 4 mae 1942 f., yshab o mnahax pacmmpehme mtanaeh- ckofo kohtmhfehta, oh otmpabmn Bepxobhomy komahgobahmd oco6ɵu memopah- gym, fge otkpobehho bɵckasan cboe mhehme o6 yctanoctm efo congat, kotopɵe mocne 10 meceyeb kammahmm hywganmca b hempemehhom otgɵxe, m o6 mx hemog- fotobnehhoctm k begehmd 6oebɵx geuctbmu b mecthɵx feofpaØmueckmx m knm- matmueckmx ycnobmex. Kpome tofo, bckpɵnaca mnoxae texhmueckae mogfotobka bouck. Mecce ykasɵban m ha hmskmu 6oebou gyx congat, bɵsbahhɵu cpabhehmem c monowehmem mx codshmkob-hemyeb, hecpabhehho nyume mogfotobnehhɵx m skmmmpobahhɵx.
Mpm stom b co6ctbehhɵx pahhmx gohecehmex ot 5 m 24 mapta komahgydymu mpegctabnen monowehme ha Øpohte b 6onee pagywhɵx kpackax. ¶ymaetce, uto bmocnegctbmm, yshab o heogo6peemɵx mm mnahax Bepxobhofo komahgobahme mo pacmmpehmd mtanaehckofo yuactme b bouhe, oh momɵtance kakmm-to o6pasom mpotmboctoeta mm. Oghako, hecmotpe ha bce momɵtkm Mecce, hobae apmme umc- nom b 229 tɵc. congat 6ɵna cØopmmpobaha m bbepeha mog hauano fehepana Hta- no Fapm6onagm. Tak, b mdne – abfycte 1942 f. boshmkna ARMIR, bkndumbmae b ce6e cnegydyme coegmhehme: 6ɵbmme gmbmsmohɵ CSIR, coctabmbmme temepa 35-u apmeuckmu kopmyc; mogpasgenehme uephopy6ameuhmkob «23 mapta» m «3 ehbape»; gmbmsmm anammuckofo apmeuckofo kopmyca «Kyheshce», «Tpmgehtmha» m «Œnme»; mexothɵe gmbmsmm «Koccepma», «Pabehha», «CØopyecka» m «Bmueh- ya», a takwe mogpasgenehme uephopy6ameuhmkob (coctabmbmme bmecte 2-u ap- meuckmu kopmyc); nɵwhɵu 6atanaoh; otpegɵ kabanepmctob «Lancieri di Novara» m «Savoia Cavalleria».
Ochobhae uacta stmx congat otmpabnenaca ha Boctok b gemopanmsobahhom coctoehmm, he wenabmae tam boebata (mhofme k tomy we tonako bephynmca ms 6eccnabhou An6ahckou m Fpeueckou kammahmu). Hsbectho, uto mo mytm ha Øpoht ohm heoghokpatho bɵckasɵbanmca mpotmb bouhɵ c CCCP m bɵpawanm mpotect pashɵmm cmoco6amm, bknduae mopuy momeyehmu b kasapmax.
Komahgydymu gmbmsmeu «Topmho» fehepan Po6epto uepmum b cboem pa- mopte, coctabnehhom mocne otctymnehme, bɵckasan mocne xbanɵ co6ctbehhɵm congatam-fepoem, «c uectad mabmmm», o6yme coo6pawehme mo mobogy cna6ou opfahmsaymm Pycckou kammahmm. Oh ykasɵban, k mpmmepy, ha hexbatky nomageu (b mpotmbomonowhocta hemyam), kotopɵe mofnm 6ɵ mpm otctymnehmm ybosmta
pahehɵx m 6onahɵx; ha otcytctbme monebɵx kyxoha, cmoco6hɵx fotobmta fope- uyd mmyy («xote 6ɵ fopeuyd bogy»); ha hecootbetctbme o6myhgmpobahme mect- hɵm knmmatmueckmm ycnobmem. Kpome tofo, oh he mof ckpɵta o6yefo hmskofo 6oebofo gyxa congat, mx cna6ou bomhckou mogfotobkm, uto he kommehcmpobanm otgenahɵe cnyuam fepomsma. 3tm Øaktopɵ ycyfy6nenmca cna6ou omepatmbhou cbesad mewgy pasnmuhɵmm uactemm ARMIR m mpemɵmm omm6kamm komahgyd- ymx. Cnegyet go6abmta, uto mtanaehckae apmme pactehynaca ha hemosbonmtena- ho mpotewehhɵu Øpoht: kawgae gmbmsme 6ɵna bɵhywgeha mpmkpɵbata okono 30 km (gmbmsme «fenepe» – gawe 40 km), b to bpeme kak, cofnacho ctpatefmueckmm hopmam, b cnyuae kohtpatakm gmbmsme gonwha mmeta Øpoht he 6onee 7–8 km. B mtofe gne mpmkpɵtme bceu Øpohtobou nmhmm mtanaehyam mpmxogmnoca bɵctab- neta o6ymu hanmuhɵu coctab ha mepegobou, he octabnee hmkofo b tɵny.
Hegoymehme, gawe cpegm congat, bɵsɵbano mpmcytctbme anammuckmx ctpen- kob c mx mynamm m fay6myamm. Mepbohauanaho mnahmpobanoca mx yuactme b ome- paymex ha Kabkase, uto ebnenoca nofmuhɵm gne fophɵx bouck m uto wenanm codshmkm-hemyɵ. Oghako kofga fehepan Fapm6onagm sampocmn ha ¶oh tpm ap- meuckmx kopmyca bmecto samnahmpobahhɵx gbyx, Mycconmhm otmpabmn k hemy anammuckmx ctpenkob. B mtofe bcem tpem anammuckmm gmbmsmem mpmmnoca mem- kom mepeceua Vkpamhy m bɵutm ha ¶oh. ¶awe camm oØmyepɵ mpotectobanm mpo- tmb a6cypghoctm yuactme anammuyeb b takou gmcmosmymm: boopywehhɵe fophɵ- mm fay6myamm, 6eso bcekofo mpotmbotahkobofo opywme m o6yuehhɵe omepaymem b cobcem mhɵx ycnobmex, ohm 6ɵnm o6peuehɵ ha fm6ena. O6 stom mmcan b go- hecehmm monkobhmk Fappm ms gmbmsmm «Œnme».
4. Othohehme ı bouhe oııymahtob, cobetcımx boucı m hacenehme
Xapaktep mtanaehckou okkymaymm sabmcen ot pashɵx Øaktopob: ot ypob- he pacmsma m ahtmcemmtmsma cpegm mtanaehckmx bouck, ot othomehme mewgy mtanaehyamm m hemyamm, ot tofo, hackonako congatɵ ycbomnm Øammctckyd mgeonofmd m ot xapaktepa othomehmu, kotopɵe yctahobmnmca mewgy mta- naehyamm m cobetckmm hacenehmem. 3tm snemehtɵ msmehmnmca b teuehme bouhɵ b sabmcmmoctm ot peakymm mtanaehyeb ha monmtmky mctpe6nehme Bep- maxta m takwe ot o6aektmbhɵx tpyghocteu, kotopɵe moebmnmca b xoge koh- Ønmkta. Kpome stofo, gpyfou Øaktop 6ɵn penmfmoshɵm, cbesahhɵm c ahtm- kommyhmctmueckmm kpectobɵm moxogom.
fybctba mtanaehckmx boehhɵx 6ɵnm pashɵe: mmcama, otmpabnehhɵe congatamm m oØmyepamm pogctbehhmkam, haugehhɵe b poccmuckmx apxm- bax, mokasɵbadt kpacouhyd kaptmhy, uactmuho o6ycnobnehhyd yehsypou. B PFACMH m b ]ehtpanahom Apxmbe Mmhmctepctba O6opohɵ Poccmuckou 8egepaymm xpahmtce o6mmphae gokymehtayme, cogepwayae oØmymanahɵe m uacthɵe 6ymafm (mmcama, ghebhmkm, ØotofpaØmm).
Kpome stofo, othomehme mtanaehyeb k bouhe momofadt moheta otuetɵ cnyw6 pasbegkm. bonammhctbo mtanaehyeb, otmpabnehhɵx ha Øpoht, oueha mano shanm
o poccmuckom m ykpamhckom o6yectbe m kynatype. Hm 6ɵno tpygho otnmumta Poccmd ot Vkpamhɵ, m b yenom o6pas cobetckofo hacenehme gne hmx 6ɵn takmm, kakmm efo pmcobana Øammctckae mpomafahga, to ecta hapogom ate- mctob m 6onamebmkob. Koheuho, 6ɵnm mcknduehme, kak cpegm congat, tak m oØmyepob, kotopɵe shanm, uto takoe Cobetckmu Cods, ho oh bce pabho octabance ctpahhɵm, hemsbecthɵm mmpom.
Mytem mpomafahgɵ Mycconmhm hageence mpebpatmta mtanaehckmx boehhɵx b mgeonofmueckmx 6ouyob, ho bganm ot goma, 6opeca c wectkmm knmmatom, he mmee hagnewayeu o6ybm m ogewgɵ, pefynephofo moutobofo o6cnywmbahme m agekbathou mmym, mtanaehckme boucka bpeg nm mofnm 6ɵ ctata takobɵmm. Moctabmta bompoc bouhɵ mpotmb Poccmm b mgeonofmue- ckom mnahe 6ɵno pmckobahho gne Mycconmhm, motomy uto gabhee conmgap- hocta pa6ouefo knacca boso6hobmnaca mepeg afpeccmeu Øammctob mpotmb pogmhɵ pebondymm.
H b camou Htanmm ataka mpotmb Cobetckofo Codsa co6pana pa6oume cmnɵ bokpyf pogmhɵ Cobetob, mogbepfae pmcky bhytpehhmu Øpoht. Monm- yeuckme mmmohɵ Øammctckofo pewmma co6mpanm bmeuatnehme pa6oumx:
«Bouha mpotmb 6onamebmctckou Poccmm he hamna cnmmkom 6onamou momynephoctm cpegm pa6oumx. <...> Æ mocnyman mhofmx pa6oumx. Ohm bɵ- pawanm ybepehhocta b tom, uto Poccme go6aetce ycmexa b konoccanahou 6opa6e».
«B pa6ouem knacce bouha mpotmb Poccmm gobonaho hemomynepha. Ha cte- hax moebmnmca hagmmcm sa 6onamebmsm m mpotmb Øammsma m efo nmgepa».
Boo6ye mtanaehckme congatɵ, b otnmume ot hemyeb, mcmɵtɵbanm cmm- matmd k poccmuckmm fpawgaham, kotopɵe momofanm mm b tpyghɵx ycnobm- ex. Kak pesynatat, «go6pɵu» mtanaehey m «go6pɵu» pycckmu kpectaehmh 6ɵnm weptbamm bouhɵ mctpe6nehme mewgy Øammsmom m 6onamebmsmom. Hs mhofmx gokymehtob cnegyet, uto mtanaehyam 6ɵnm uywgɵ mpmsɵbɵ «wept- bobata, ymepeta sa pogmhy», «sa cmpabegnmboe geno bouhɵ» mnm «sa he- o6xogmmocta mo6egɵ». Hao6opot, mhofme mmcama ms Htanmm ha Øpoht mo- kasɵbadt yctanocta ot bouhɵ m cogepwat cobetɵ he weptbobata wmshad m bosbpayatace gomou. C gpyfou ctopohɵ, ecta m mmcama, kotopɵe mpmsɵba- dt «nmkbmgmpobata tpycnmbɵx 6onamebmkob, kotopɵe he xotenm cgabatace. Mɵ fopgmmce tem, uto tɵ cpawaemace sa mo6egy Htanmm». Oueha moneshɵm b mohmmahmm othomehme k bouhe mtanaehckofo congata ebneetce gompoc cep- wahta Obmego bahgmhm, bsetofo b mneh 22 cehte6pe 1942 f. (fe6otapebckmu, Bonfofpagckae o6nacta). bahgmhm coo6ymn kommccapy HKB¶ cnegydyee:
«V bcex 6es mcknduehme mtanaehckmx congat hactpoehme oueha tewe- noe. Bo-mepbɵx, ohm he bmget mpmumh, ms-sa uefo Htanme bodet c Poccmeu. Htanaehckme gmbmsmm hecyt ofpomhɵe motepm. Mosagm mtanaehckmx uacteu pacmonowehɵ safpagotpegɵ hemyeb c abtomatamm, kotopɵe cmnou fohet mx b 6ou. Bce mtanaehyɵ c ywacom gymadt o mpm6nmwadyeuce smme».
5. Kohtpataıa Kpachou Apmmm
Hactyman btopou stam Pycckou kammahmm, a kohtphactymnehme Kpachou Ap- mmm b abfycte 1942 f. mokasano, hackonako omachɵm 6ɵno paccpegotouehme mta- naehckofo Øpohta. ¶mbmsme «CØopyecka» mogbepfnaca epocthou atake cobet- ckou mexotɵ, go6mbabmeuce saxbata mnaygapma ha 6epefy ¶oha. Ecnm y Kpachou Apmmm ha stom yuactke mmenmca 6ɵ tahkm, monowehme mtanaehyeb ctano 6ɵ katactpoØmuhɵm. Hepabhɵmm okasanmca m cmnɵ: cobetckme gmbmsmm bknduanm b ce6e mo tpm monka mexotɵ (b kawgom mo 3 tɵc. congat), a mtanaehckme – mo gba (c 1200 congatamm).
Bo bpeme stofo nethefo hactymnehme Kpachae Apmme bknmhmnaca mewgy 8-u mtanaehckou apmmeu m 6-u hemeykou mog komahgobahmem Mayndca c yenad o6- nefumta monowehme saymthmkob Ctanmhfpaga.
Xote gmbmsmm «CØopyecka» m yganoca octahobmta hactymnehme, cobetckme boucka cosganm mnaygapm sa nmhmeu Øpohta. Tak sakohumnaca «mepbae o6opohm- tenahae 6mtba ha ¶ohy», he hayumbmae hmuemy mtanaehckmx ctpatefob: b geka- 6pe hauanaca «btopae o6opohmtenahae 6mtba ha ¶ohy», pasbephytae mo tomy we cyehapmd m sakohumbmaece monhɵm mopawehmem ARMIR.
B okte6pe 1942 f. mtanaehckae apmme monyumna okohuatenahyd gmcnokaymd
– mewgy behfepckou apmmeu cneba m pymɵhckou cmpaba. K boctoky ot pymɵh ctoena 6-e hemeykae apmme, mpogonwabmae ocagy Ctanmhfpaga. Benmkoe smmhee hactymnehme Kpachou Apmmm, pemmbmee cyga6y Boctouhofo Øpohta, coctoe- no ms tpex Øas. Mepbae hauanaca b cepegmhe hoe6pe, k kohyy meceya kpachoap- meuyam yganoca motechmta pymɵh m okpywmta takmm o6pasom apmmd Mayndca. Cnegydyae Øasa, hauabmaece c atakm 11 geka6pe, ctana katactpoØmueckou gne mtanaehyeb. B pesynatate omepaymm «Manɵu Catyph» cobetckme boucka bsno- manm mtanaehckmu Øpoht b cektope mewgy «Koccepma» m «Pabehha», ha samage, m b cektope «fenepe», ha boctoke. Ohm o6naganm hecomhehhɵm umcnehhɵm m texhmueckmm mpebocxogctbom: coothomehme congat 6ɵno mecta k oghomy, a 750 cobetckmm tahkam mpotmboctoeno 47 (hemeykmx). B pesynatate monhmehochofo hamagehme Kpachae Apmme ywe cmycte tpm ghe mocne mepexoga ¶oha okasanaca b sohe Mmnnepobo, b 100 km ot mpewheu nmhmm Øpohta. Tofga we eu ha momoya mpmmen m «gegymka-mopos»: temmepatypa omyctmnaca hmwe 30 fpagycob. Tpe- tae Øasa hactymnehme hauanaca 14 ehbape c atakm ha cebephom yuactke Øpohta, fge ctoenm behfpɵ. Oghobpemehho kpachoapmeuyɵ mpo6mnm 6pemm m b cektopax dwhee, sahmmaemɵx anammuckmmm ctpenkamm (mx mosmymm yctpambanm hemyɵ). B mtofe anammuyɵ okasanmca monhoctad okpywehhɵmm: k 19 ehbape 1943 f., b teuehme bcefo metm gheu, cobetckme boucka bɵmnm k f. Banyukm, sa 140 km b tɵn mtanaehyeb.
Otctymnehme
Mpo6mb Øpoht, Kpachae Apmme mpmhenaca sa yhmutowehme tɵnobɵx mogpas- genehmu bpafa, m te mtanaehyɵ, uto yyenenm, octanmca 6es mpobmahta, Øypawa,
chapegob m mp. B ARMIR yapmn monhɵu xaoc. ¶mbmsme «Œnme», otouge ha df, mɵtanaca yctpomta hobɵu Øpoht o6opohɵ. Oghako mpomepsmae semne he gabana bosmowhoctm pɵta okomɵ, ga m hempectahhɵe atakm pycckmx memanm momɵtkam sakpemmtace. 3mmhee hactymnehme sabepmmnoca okpywehmem anammuyeb, koto- pɵx he yganoca ompokmhyta no6obou atakou. ¶mbmsmem «Œnme», «Tpmgehtmha»,
«Kyheshce» m «Bmuehya» mpmmnoca gbmhytace ha samag, otctymae c 6oemm mo nmhmm b 15 km m c moctoehhɵm pmckom okpywehme.
Vctpamadyeu okasanaca fotobhocta pycckmx k camomoweptbobahmd: macco- bae fm6ena congat he octahabnmbana cnegydymx. Htanaehyam takou matpmotmsm mpegctabnence bɵhywgehhɵm, eko6ɵ Øopcmpobahhɵm kommccapamm m oØmye- pamm, he yagmbmmmm wmshm mogumhehhɵx. Vwac habogmnm m cobetckme tahkm: cootbetctbydyefo mpotmbotahkobofo boopywehme b ARMIR he 6ɵno, m nesf fy- cehmy bɵsɵban mahmky y mtanaehckmx congat.
Tak hauance tpetmu stam Boctouhofo moxoga: pasfpom m otctymnehme. Mowa- nyu, tonako anammuyɵ mpogemohctpmpobanm ctoukocta m 6oebɵe kauectba, uto mpmshabano mosghee m komahgobahme Kpachou Apmmm. Oghako mx monowehme b
«konaye», fge okasanoca b yenom 110 tɵc. congat (ms hmx okono 70 tɵc. mtanaeh- yeb), 6ɵno 6esɵcxoghɵm.
7. Pematpmayme m boehhomnehhɵe
Anammuyam m mx fm6enm mocbeyeha yenae cepme my6nmkaymu, mtofm koto- pou hegabho mogbegehɵ b mohofpaØmm mctopmueckofo mmcatene AnaØmo Kapyso
«Bce wmbɵe – b ataky» (takobɵm 6ɵn gebms gmbmsmm «Tpmgehtmha»). Ctpenkm, ham6onee mogfotobnehhɵe k xonogy m chefy, cbomm ymenɵm compotmbnehmem sm- mou 1942/1943 f. mosbonmnm uactm apmmm bɵpbatace ms Øatanahofo «memka». B ehbapckom mpmkase Mycconmhm k otctymnehmd anammuckmm ctpenkam otbo- gmnaca pona apaepfapga. Oco6yd msbecthocta monyumno cpawehme anammuyeb y Hmkonaebkm 26 ehbape 1943 f., a cama Hmkonaebka b mocneboehhoe bpeme ctana cmmbonom ctoukoctm anammuckmx ctpenkob, motepebmmx tam 13 tɵc. uenobek, ho he cgabmmx mosmymm (mostomy anammuyɵ monafadt ee manou mo6egou).
bmtba mog Hmkonaebkou mogpo6ho ommcaha m b bocmommhahmex Øpohtobmka 3gwmcto Koppagm, omy6nmkobahhɵx mocmeptho. 3ametmm, uto cenehme Hmko- naebka he cyyectbyet – tak hasɵbaetce ynmya m cootbetctbehho kbaptan cena umbehka Bopohewckou o6n.
Fepomsm anammuyeb he mof mpegotbpatmta pasfpoma apmmm. ¶emopanmsobah- hɵe congatɵ ARMIR temepa bosbpayanmca ha samag… umma othocmtenahɵm ytemehmem gne hmx mof cnywmta tot Øakt, uto mog Ctanmhfpagom b «konaye» okasanaca m camae mofyuae ha tot momeht apmme b mmpe.
Cama Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba mna 6es yuactme mtanaehyeb, sa mcknduehmem hegabho pekohctpympobahhofo smmsoga, ha kotopom octahobmmce mogpo6hee, tak kak mpewge o hem hmuefo he 6ɵno msbectho. Htanaehckoe mpmcytctbme mog Ctanmhfpagom okasanoca mmhmmanahɵm: ha 6epefax Bonfm, fge comnoca okono 1
mnh. boopywehhɵx ndgeu, mpmcytctboban m ckpomheummu kohtmhfeht mtanaeh- yeb – 77 uenobek. 3to 6ɵnm unehɵ abtokonohhɵ, kotopou cnegobano mpmbestm pashofo poga mogkpemnehme k 6-u apmmm fehepana Mayndca m otmpabmtace o6pat- ho. Oghako mtanaehyɵ momanm b Øatanahɵu memok, m bephytace ms 77 yganoca nmma gbym. K stomy cdwety o6patmnce b khmfe «Mɵ ymmpaem b Ctanmhfpage» bce tot we mmcatena AnaØmo Kapyso, b pesynatate kpomotnmbou pa6otɵ boccta- hobmbmmu 6mofpaØmm bcex mtanaehckmx yuacthmkob Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ. Camomy ctapmemy ms hmx 6ɵno 35 net, camomy mnagmemy – 20. 3to 6ɵnm kpe- ctaehe, pemecnehhmkm, kamehymkm, topfobyɵ, ogmh kohgmtep, ogmh ØotofpaØ, mowaphmk, bpau, yumtena nmtepatypɵ, 6ɵn gawe ogmh monogou 6ypwya, mckatena mpmknduehmu.
Hauano 1943 f., takmm o6pasom, ctano pokobɵm gne ARMIR: bcefo sa 45 gheu mtanaehyɵ motepenm y6mtɵmm mnm mnehhɵmm 95 tɵc. uenobek. Kpome tofo, ohm octabmnm b pykax mpotmbhmka bcd aptmnnepmd (okono 1 tɵc. mymek), 13 tɵc. abtomammh, 20 tɵc. mynob m mhofoe gpyfoe. Otctymnehme mo samepsmmm cte- mem okasanoca ywachɵm. Cothm memyapob pacckasɵbadt o ctpamhɵx smmsogax, ctpagahmex m aktax wectokoctm, o6ycnobnehhɵx ctpemnehmem bɵwmta. Mo- pos, fonog m 6eckoheuhɵu mepexog bɵsɵbanm y oghmx congat mepbo6ɵthɵe mh- ctmhktɵ, gpyfme we, hampotmb, bmaganm b amatmd, mpegmectbobabmyd cmeptm. O6eccmnmbmme congatɵ otctabanm ot konohh, monmnm o momoym, ho octanahɵe mx he cnɵmanm m mnm bmepeg… Hepegkm 6ɵnm cnyuam camoy6muctb, a mhofga otuaebmmece otkpɵbanm ofoha mo cbomm… ¶o mocneghefo bpemehm mtanaeh- ckae my6nmymctmka o6aechena bɵcokyd cmepthocta b ARMIR, mommmo xonoga m mctoyehme, uactɵmm atakamm ha otctymabmmx co ctopohɵ Kpachou Apmmm. Oghako, kak mokasɵbaet pamopt Hctopmueckofo 6dpo Fehmta6a, b tot mepmog cpawehme 6ɵnm pegkmmm. «Htanaehckae apmme b Poccmm», ARMIR, mepectana cyyectbobata.
Hauance uetbeptɵu stam: mctopme moxoga tpahcØopmmpobanaca b mctopmd mneha m pematpmaymm. 3tot stam hegabho ctan mpegmetom gmcceptaymohhofo mc- cnegobahme oghofo ms abtopob gahhou ctatam.
Cmepthocta b mnehy okasanaca heo6ɵkhobehho bɵcokou: ms 80 tɵc. mneh- hɵx b Htanmd b mtofe bephynmca nmma 12 tɵc. uenobek. Cobetckoe komahgo- bahme ctapanoca kak mowho 6ɵctpee mepe6pocmta boehhomnehhɵx b tɵn, tak kak omacanoca, uto b cnyuae kohtpatakm mx mofnm ocbo6ogmta m ycmnmta tem camɵm boucka mpotmbhmka. Hmkakmx tpahcmopthɵx cpegctb gne mepeboskm bo- ehhomnehhɵx k weneshogopowhɵm ctahymem he mmenoca. Boehhomnehhɵm, cpe- gm kotopɵx 6ɵno mhofo pahehɵx, o6mopowehhɵx m 6onahɵx, mpegctoeno mgtm memkom mhofme kmnometpɵ mo ctemm mpm mopose, goxogeyem go mmhyc 30°. Tex, kto he mof mgtm, mpmctpenmbanm kohbompɵ, mmebmme wectkmu mpmkas goctabmta mnehhɵx b kpatuaummu cpok k mecty tpahcmoptmpobkm. 3tot mepexog monyumn b mtanaehckou mctopmofpaØmm hasbahme «davaj», ot komahgɵ, c kotopou kohbo- mpɵ topommnm mnehhɵx.
Mocne hactymnehme ha ¶ohy m pasfpoma hemyeb mog Ctanmhfpagom umcno boehhomnehhɵx b yenom goctmfno coteh tɵceu. Cmpabmtace c stmm konmuectbom boucka HKB¶ he mofnm. He xbatano hm kohbompob, hm tpahcmopthɵx cpegctb, b nafepex 6ɵno hegoctatouho mmym m tomnmba, he mmenoca megmkamehtob. B pesynatate cmepthocta cpegm mtanaehckmx boehhomnehhɵx b nafepex goctmfna 56,5% m 6ɵna b 4 pasa bɵme cpegheu cmepthoctm cpegm mnehhɵx hemyeb. Og- hako sto he ebnenoca cnegctbmem wectokofo o6payehme. Bce macca mtanaehyeb momana b nafepe b camɵu tewenɵu momeht bouhɵ, kofga ohm tonako hauanm op- fahmsobɵbatace m kofga mpogobonactbme m megmkamehtob he xbatano gne camou Kpachou Apmmm m cobetckofo hacenehme. B stmx ycnobmex cha6wehme nafepeu boehhomnehhɵx he mofno 6ɵta mepboouepeghou sagaueu. Haumhae c neta 1943
f. cmtyayme b nafepex ynyummnaca, ho shaumtenahae uacta mnehhɵx ywe mana weptbou smmgemmu m mnoxofo mmtahme.
Pematpmayme mnehhɵx, ha ygmbnehme manoumcnehhae, mna megnehho m mpm monheumem otkase cobetckou ctopohɵ ot mepegaum kakou-nm6o mhØopmaymm.
Htanaehyɵ gonfo bepmnm, uto uacta mnehhɵx octanaca mo tem mnm mhɵm mpmumham b CCCP. Mhofme cobetckme spmtenm momhet kmhobomnoyehme stmx nefehg: heo6ɵkhobehho y6egmtenahae CoØm uopeh, uto o6mbaet mopofm pema- tpmaymohhɵx kommccmu m eget b Cobetckmu Cods ha momckm mpomabmefo 6es bectm mywa, congata ARMIR, cɵfpahhofo Mapuenno Mactpoehhm (Ømnam «Mog- conhyxm», pewmccep Bmttopmo ¶e Cmka, abtopɵ cyehapme Tohmho Fysppa m fe- sape ¶sabattmhm, mpm yuactmm Feopfme Mgmbahm, 1970 f.). Mehamyd mpokat- hyd cnaby sacnywmn gpyfou mtano-cobetckmu Ømnam ha ty we temy – «Ohm mnm ha Boctok» (hasbahme ha mtan. «Italiani brava gente» («Htanaehyɵ-monogyɵ»), 1964 f.). Efo abtopɵ, pewmccepɵ ¶wysemme ¶e Cahtmc m ¶mmtpmu Bacmnaeb, mpegctabmnm tak hasɵbaemyd Pycckyd kammahmd b bmge maccobou tpafmueckou smomem, cotkab ee ms mhofmx camoctoetenahɵx kmhosmmsogob. Kaptmha sakahum- baetce fm6enad otctymadyefo congata-mtanaehya, samepsadyefo b 6enochew- hou ctemm…
B hauane 1990-x ff. o6yectbehhocta Htanme 6ɵna bsbonhobaha my6nmkaym- eu tak hasɵbaemɵx mmcem Tonaettm: b hmx kommyhmctmueckmu nmgep kak 6ygto otpekance ot cooteuectbehhmkob, momabmmx b 6egy. O6meh mmcamamm mpomso- men mewgy Tonaettm m mtanaehckmm mpegctabmtenem mpm Kommhtephe Bmhueh- yo bmahko. Mocneghmu, o6ecmokoehhɵu ywacadymmm ycnobmemm b nafepex m konoccanahou cmepthoctad cpegm boehhomnehhɵx, o6patmnce c mocnahmem k Tonaettm, mpoce cekpetape Kommhtepha «hautm mytm m cpegctba… uto6ɵ octa- hobmta maccobyd fm6ena boehhomnehhɵx». Otbet Tonaettm packpɵbaet xapak- tep totanmtaphou mehtanahoctm, kotopae o6aegmhena ctanmhckoe pykobogctbo m pykobogctbo Kommhtepha: «Het hmkakmx comhehmu b tom, uto mtanaehckmu ha- pog otpabneh mmmepmanmctmueckou, pas6ouhmuaeu mgeonofmeu Øammsma. <…> Tot Øakt, uto gne tɵceu m tɵceu cemeu pasbesahhae Mycconmhm bouha, m mpe- wge bcefo skcmegmyme b Poccmd, sakohumtce tpafegmeu m nmuhɵm fopem, ebne-
etce nyummm m ham6onee sØØektmbhɵm ms mpotmboegmu». Cofnacho Tonaettm, cmepta boehhomnehhɵx 6yget mmeta monowmtenahɵu megafofmueckmu sØØekt m gact moyhɵu ctmmyn gne pasbmtme coymanmctmueckofo gbmwehme. Oghako bɵpbahhɵe ms kohtekcta m uactmuho «mogmpabnehhɵe» gne tou my6nmkaymm
«mmcama», ha ham bsfneg, he mofyt cnywmta gokasatenactbom «6eccepgeuhoctm m ymhmsma» Manammpo Tonaettm, kak sto ytbepwganm efo kpmtmkm, a nmma mo- kasɵbadt, uto fehcek, kak emy 6ɵno m monoweho, octabance bepeh mapkcmctko- nehmhckomy yuehmd.
Cnegyet ymomehyta m my6nmymctmueckoe paccnegobahme 8pahuecko bmfayym m Ebfehme Xmphoba «Mocneghme 28», bhoba moctabmbmee mepeg cobpemehhou mtanaehckou o6yectbehhoctad bompoc o boehhomnehhɵx b CCCP. Abtopɵ b oco6ehhoctm ckohyehtpmpobanm cboe bhmmahme ha gpame camɵx mocneghmx sa- knduehhɵx b CCCP, o6bmhehhɵx cobetckou ctopohou b boehhɵx mpectymnehm- ex. My6nmkayme, goctomhctbom kotopou ebneetce pekohctpykyme stofo cdweta ha ochobahmm cobetckmx gokymehtob, k cowanehmd, he mcmonasyet mtanaehckme mctouhmkm m he mpegnafaet o6yeu kaptmhɵ cnowhou boehhou, monmtmueckmu m gmmnomatmueckou cmtyaymm tofo mepmoga.
Cpasy mocne bouhɵ betepahɵ Pycckofo moxoga ctanm msnafata cbom bocmomm- hahme. Mepbae Øyhgamehtanahae khmfa, 6asmpobabmaece ha memyapax, – c6op- hmk «Italianzy Kaputt» (1959), getanaho msnowmbmmu cyga6y ARMIR. O6mnaho gokymehtmpobahhɵu c6ophmk ctpagan, bmpouem, ompegenehhou tehgehymosho- ctad, m6o cosgabance b pasfap xonoghou bouhɵ m uactmuho cnywmn cpegctbom ahtmkommyhmctmueckou mpomafahgɵ.
8. Memyapɵ
Hecmotpe ha to, uto memyaphae nmtepatypa o Boctouhou kammahmm hacumtɵ- baet cothm hammehobahmu, hobɵe khmfm he mepectadt msgabatace.
Typmhckmu kamennah goh Htano PyØØmho haxogmnce b Poccmm bmecte c gm- bmsmeu «Topmho» bcefo tpm meceya, ho sa stot he6onamou cpok oh mepewmn mhofoe. Tmtyn khmfm mpegctabneet co6ou hekmu tpmkonop: «benɵu, kpachɵu m cepo-senehɵu». Abtop bnowmn b stm ybeta co6ctbehhɵu cmɵcn: 6enɵu – ybet smmhmx ctemeu, kpachɵu – ybet mponmtou ha heu kpobm, cepo-senehɵu – ybet mtanaehckou yhmØopmɵ (b mocneghmu ybet bɵkpameha m o6nowka). Ha o6now- ky khmfm memyapmct momectmn kaptmhy Øpohtobofo tobapmya, Hbaha Kypaua, ypowehya uaboba, smmfpmpobabmefo b Htanmd. Kypau 6onee bcex 6oence mneha, tak kak 6ɵn ybepeh, uto kpachoapmeuyɵ efo cpasy pacctpenedt kak msmehhmka, hecmotpe ha mtanaehckoe moggahctbo. Cnyumnoca mhaue: Kypau m magpe PyØ- Ømho, mpm6ɵbmme ha ¶oh k momehty pasfpoma apmmm, moutm cpasy monyumnm mpmkas bephytace… Pacckasumk haumhaet cboe mobectbobahme c 14 hoe6pe 1942 f., kofga oh cen b bonohae b boehhɵu coctab, gbmfabmmuce ha boctok. C co6ou cbeyehhmk bsen samachɵe gapɵ gne mpmuactme m meta 6onammx 6ytɵneu kaehtm. Kaehtm, kak mmmet magpe PyØØmho, «sakohumnoca eye go mpmesga b Beheymd»,
a bot samachɵe gapɵ emy mpmfogmnmca mosghee – kofga cbeyehhmk mpmuayan congat, cothemm ymmpabmmx ha 6enom chefy.
Oghobpemehho, b 2003 f., b wyphane «Nuova storia contemporanea», b ¼ 5 bɵmnm memyapɵ Øpohtobmka Ogoapgo Ackapm. Hx hasbahme – «¶onfmu moxog anammuckmx ctpenkob mo pycckomy agy» (La lunga marcia degli alpini nell’inferno russo) – he hywgaetce b oco6ɵx kommehtapmex. ¶pyfae hobae mhtepechae my- 6nmkayme – sto bocmommhahme eye oghofo anammuckofo ctpenka, AnaØohco ¶m Mmkene, «Æ, boehhomnehhɵu b Poccmm».
Pycckae kammahme o6pena m cboe epkoe nmtepatyphoe bɵpawehme: tpafmue- ckou smomee mtanaehyeb hyweh 6ɵn co6ctbehhɵu cmnahɵu m bephɵu fonoc. Oh o6hapywmnce y Mapmo Pmfohm-Ctepha, kotopɵu mpmshabance, uto «ctan mmca- tenem he mo mpmsbahmd, a mo heo6xogmmoctm». Efo mepbae boehhae mobecta «Il sergente nella neve» (Cepwaht ha chefy), hammcahhae b 1953 f., mopasmna my6nmky cgepwahhou moyad m mckpehhoctad. Mmcata mobecta oh hauan b mnehy, mpmuem mneh y abtopa 6ɵn he pycckmu, a hemeykmu – mocne oghoctopohhefo heutpa- nmteta Htanmm 6ɵbmmu codshmk Fmtnep o6aebmn eu bouhy. Hmehho b haymct- ckom mnehy, b 1943 fogy, Pmfohm-Cteph ctan bcmommhata ¶oh m 6eccmɵcnehhyd fm6ena cbomx cooteuectbehhmkob. Tbopuectbo Mapmo Pmfohm-Ctepha ygmbneet cboeu otkpɵtoctad k Poccmm, m sto boo6ye okasanoca xapaktephɵm gne mho- fmx betepahob kammahmm. ¶a, koheuho, sgeca, ha ¶ohy, mmcatena o6pen Øpohto- bou omɵt, moshan cmepta, coctoence b kauectbe tbopya. Oghako b efo mosghmx
«pycckmx pacckasax» mpoctymadt gpyfme ctemhɵe mpoctpahctba – oumyehhɵe ot cmpaga m gɵma. Mponmb kpoba b pycckou ctemm, Pmfohm-Cteph kak 6ygto c hed mopoghmnce: kak oh cam mpmshabance, gyxobho bɵwmta mocne bouhɵ emy momofna mossme Ecehmha.
Knaccmkom cobpemehhou mtanaehckou nmtepatypɵ mowho cumtata pycmcta Maepo Kayyonɵ, tohkofo mepebogumka ueckoba, fexoba, Tonctofo. Ctapmmu 6pat Kayyonɵ, 3mahysne, mnagmmu neutehaht 52-fo aptmnnepmuckofo monka gm- bmsmm «Topmho», 6ɵn bset kpachoapmeuyamm b mneh, ms kotopofo he bephynce. Hmkakmx msbectmu o hem cemae go6mtace he cmofna. Œhɵu Maepo pagm bosmow- hoctm mepemmcɵbatace c cobetckmmm yupewgehmemm bɵyumn pycckmu. bpata oh he hamen – tot ymep b cm6mpckom nafepe b Hymmxe – ho o6pen benmkyd pycckyd kynatypy, mpomafahgmctom kotopou Maepo Kayyona m ctan b Htanmm.
«bOEBªE ¶EMCTBEª NO ObOPOHE FOPO¶A CTAflEHFPA¶A 5AKOH1EHª». KAK 5TO bªflO – B APXEBHªX ¶OKVMEHTAX
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