THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER HOLY SPIRIT MONASTERY IN STALINGRAD IN 1941–1945
Ivanov Sergey Mihailovich Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy) Press-secretary of the Volgograd Diocese volepar@yandex.ru
26 Chapaeva Street, Holy Spirit Monastery, 400012, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. This article tells about the history of buildings of the former Tsaritsyn Holy Spirit Monastery in the years of the Great Patriotic War. In the days of the Battle of Stalingrad civilians with a few nuns that survived persecutions were hiding from bombing in the cellars of the monastery. Then Nazis set up a concentration camp
here, where Soviet prisoners of war and civilians were kept in inhumane conditions. The buildings were badly damaged by bombs and shells and after the victory in Stalingrad a City Defense Committee special convoy engaged in removal of dead bodies as well as some other institutions were placed on the monastery territory. The article makes use of documents from the State Archive of the Volgograd Region and the memoirs of Stalingrad citizens.
Key words: Stalingrad, Tsaritsyn Holy Spirit Monastery, concentration camp, Stalingrad City Defense Committee, Avtospetstrans.
]apmyɵhckmu Cbeto-¶yxob mohactɵpa, moctpoehhɵu b 1911 f., ctan mmpoko msbecteh b gopebondymohhou Poccmm 6nafogape cboemy ctpomtend – mepomo- haxy Hnmogopy (TpyØahoby). Hasbahme «Hnmogopobckmu mohactɵpa» sbyuano kak b pasfobophou peum, tak m b fasethɵx ctataex m oØmymanahɵx gokymehtax 20–30 ff. XX beka.
B 30-e fogɵ sgeca pacmonafanmca ctygehueckme o6yewmtme Ctanmhfpagckofo megafofmueckofo mhctmtyta, mysɵkanahofo m megmymhckofo texhmkymob, a tak- we texhmkyma hapxosyueta. B fasete «Ctanmhfpagckae mpabga» b cehte6pe 1936
f. bɵmna ctatae «Ctygehueckoe o6yewmtme», fge fobopmnoca: «Ha uagowckou,
¼ 51, packmhynce ha kbaptan «ctygehueckmu fopogok». Mɵ 6epem sto sbyuhoe mme b kabɵukm motomy, uto sgeca hmkofga m hmuefo mogo6hofo he ctpomnoca. Og- hako tak mmehydt mpauhɵe ctehɵ 6ɵbmefo Hnmogopobckofo mohactɵpe – hɵhe kopmyca ctygehueckmx o6yewmtmu – mx wmnayɵ». [1; 3]. Tofga sgeca mpowmbano 6onee 600 ctygehtob.
Hsbecthɵu b Bonfofpage yuehɵu, mpoØeccop B. H. Mamohtob, pogmbmmuce b 1936 f., b getctbe wmn hampotmb mohactɵpe mo yn. Hebckae. Oh pacckasɵban, kak ocehad 1942 f. heganeko ot goma Mamohtobɵx hamemy congaty otopbano ockonkom hofy. K beuepy oh ymep, wehymhɵ o6mɵnm teno m mofpe6nm mpemo y ctehɵ mohactɵpe, bɵxogeyeu ha yn. Hebckyd [2; 140].
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C hactymnehmem boehhofo bpemehm b o6mtenm sapa6otanm pemohthɵe ma- ctepckme. Takwe ctapowmnɵ ymommhanm, uto b mohactɵpe kakoe-to bpeme pac- monafance boehhɵu focmmtana. A kak pacckasɵbana Ebfehme Pygɵkmha-Xopoba, b mogbanax o6mtenm «octanaca he6onamae fpymma wehymh. Cpegm hmx 6ɵnm m ctapɵe mohamkm, kofga-to o6mtabmme b kenaex mohactɵpe. Kofga hemyɵ 6om- 6mnm fopog, ndgm co6mpanmca b mogsemhɵx katakom6ax cboeu cbetɵhm, monm- nmca bofy, hageeca ha cmacehme. Hemyɵ, saheb sty uacta fopoga, he ocmenmnmca mx bɵfhata… Kofga Øammctɵ okasanmca b «kotne» Ctanmhfpaga, k mohamkam uacto mpo6mpanmca mecthɵe wmtenm, shabmme o6 mx cyyectbobahmm – te, komy hywha 6ɵna mx gyxobhae moggepwka. Heckonakmx pahehɵx 6ouyob m wmteneu fopoga ohm cmacnm, okasɵbae mocmnahyd megmymhckyd momoya. Ctapmyd ms hmx sbanm «matymkou Faheu» (ee mme b mmpy ctepno bpeme). B mogbane 6ɵn hesateunmbɵu mkohoctac, kotopɵu mhe yganoca ybmgeta b 1943 fogy, kofga moe 6a6ymka mobena mokasata mehe Fahe. B camɵe tpyghɵe gne fopoga ghm 6a6ymka
cmgena c mohamkamm b Hnmogopobom mohactɵpe, 6nafo wmna heganeko, ha ynmye Mofpomehckou» [3; 73]. Mohaxmhm ytemanm moctpagabmmx ot bouhɵ ndgeu, yum- nm mx monmtace, mepemmcɵbanm c hmmm monmtbɵ, ckpyumbanm ms tpemouek cbeum.
Mocne maccobɵx 6om6apgmpobok, b mnamehm kotopɵx cfopenm bce mafasmhɵ m ctonobɵe, 30 abfycta 1942 f. fopogckou Kommtet o6opohɵ mpmhen moctahob- nehme ¼ 415-a, fge fobopmnoca: «1. Vtbepgmta cnegydyme myhktɵ cha6wehme m mmtahme hacenehme fop. Ctanmhfpaga: … mo ¶sepwmhckomy pauohy: … Mno- yaga mm. 8 Mapta (6ɵbmmu mohactɵpa)» [4; 455]. Hhtepecho, uto oghou ms mc- monhmtenahmy stofo pacmopewehme 6ɵna Anekcahgpa fepkacoba, pasbosmbmae memkm c mpogyktamm mo ¶sepwmhckomy pauohy.
B sammcke VHKB¶ «O monowehmm b f. Ctanmhfpage b mepmog efo uactmuhou okkymaymm m mocne msfhahme okkymahtob» fobopmtce: «]epkbm, sa mcknduehm- em gbyx – oghou ha ¶ap-Fope m gpyfou b yehtpanahou uactm fopoga, b 6ɵbmem mnmogopobckom mohactɵpe – he otkpɵbanmca» [5; 428]. O cnywaymx sgeca b sto henefkoe bpeme hmuefo he msbectho.
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B momeyehmex ofpomhou o6mtenm bo bpeme Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ pacmo- nafanmca pasnmuhɵe Øammctckme yupewgehme. bɵbmmu gmktop Bonfofpagckofo o6nacthofo pagmo Knmm Kohexmh bcmommhan mpo ctpamhɵe ghm 1942 f.: «Ka- wetce, 6 okte6pe hac sactabmnm ebmtace b Hnmogopob mohactɵpa. Tam hemyɵ opfahmsobanm kakou-to myhkt c6opa m pefmctpaymm mecthɵx wmteneu – mobcdgy 6ɵnm packneehɵ mpmkasɵ o6 stom. A ottyga bcex mofhanm kyga-to sa fopog» [6; 5]. Bce we, bepoetho, myhkt c6opa 6ɵn b Øammctckou komehgatype hampotmb o6mtenm (sgahme 3-fo ¶oma Cobetob).
Cofnacho pasbegɵbatenahou cbogke ¼ 10 VHKB¶ Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm
«B momeyehmex Kpachɵx kasapm pasmeyeh monebou focmmtana, sa monothom weneshou gopofm, b yepkbm, bɵxogeyeu ha Hebckyd ynmyy, cknag 6oempmma- cob» [7; 223]. Mo bocmommhahmem 6ɵbmefo ctanmhfpagckofo pasbegumka H. B. Opnoba b mogbanax Cbeto-¶yxoba mohactɵpe ywe mocne okohuahme 6mtbɵ oh o6hapywmn cknag pasnmuhofo apmeuckofo mmyyectba (teneØohhɵe ammapatɵ, ka6enm m t.m.).
Takwe b o6mtenm 6ɵn cosgah Øammctckmu kohynafepa. Momabmmu cdga Œ.
H. Mahuehko mmmet b cbomx bocmommhahmex: «Hmpokmu mohactɵpckmu gbop 6ɵn ofopoweh bɵcokou kamehhou ctehou, omytahhou mobepxy kondueu mpobo- nokou. V bopot kapaynka. …. C tɵnahou ctopohɵ gbopa haxogmnmca mohactɵp- ckme kenam. Bce ohm 6ɵnm cowwehɵ. Hm b oghom ms stmx kamehhɵx memkob he 6ɵno hm gbepeu, hm okohhɵx pam, hm mona. Oghm fonɵe hmmm. B mpomeps- mmx, mokpɵtɵx mheem kamehhɵx fpo6ax ha mony, sactnahhom uephou fhmnou conomou, mnotho mpmwabmmca cmmhamm, cmgenm ndgm. Fonoghɵe, mpogpofmme m 6onahɵe. Mpmmopomehhɵe chefom m semneu, ohm 6ɵnm takme we uephɵe, kak sakomuehhɵe ctehɵ mohactɵpe» [8; 155–156]. Hx bɵfohenm otcdga ha pasnmu- hɵe pa6otɵ, a hampotmb o6mtenm b temnom sgahmm 3-fo ¶oma Cobetob cmgenm pa6othmkm hemeykou komehgatypɵ.
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Ho bot Øammctckme boucka motepmenm mopawehme mog Ctanmhfpagom, m fopog hauan moctemehho bosbpayatace k mmphou wmshm. Tpe6obanoca cpouho opfahmsobata y6opky tpymob c ynmy b yenex mpegotbpayehme smmgemmm. ¶ne stofo b kohye Øebpane 1943 f. mpmbneknm cmeymanahyd abtokonohhy. B Øohgax Focygapctbehhofo apxmba Bonfofpagckou o6nactm coxpahmnoca pemehme Hc- monhmtenahofo Kommteta Ctanmhfpagckofo Fopogckofo cobeta gemytatob tpyge- ymxce sa ¼ 9 ot 31 mae 1943 f. «O pasmeyehmm Abtocmeykonohhɵ Hcmonkoma O6ncobeta». B hem fobopmtce: «Hcmonkom Fopcobeta pemmn: ¶ne pasmeyehme Abtocmeykonohhɵ Hcmonkoma O6ncobeta mpegoctabmta momeyehme 6ɵbmeu yepkbm m dwhofo kpɵna kopmyca 6ɵb. Hnmogopobckofo mohactɵpe. Mopyumta
¶sepwmhckomy Paucobety oØopmmta mpegoctabnehme stmx momeyehmu gofobo- pom m otbectm motpe6hyd semenahyd mnoyaga gne pasmeyehme xogobofo mapka konohhɵ» [9; 4].
B pemehmm Hcmonkoma Ctanmhfpagckofo O6nacthofo Cobeta sa ¼ 19 ot 2 mdne 1943 f. «O6 ytbepwgehmm sagahme m cmetho-Ømhahcobɵx pacuetob mo boc- ctahobnehmd sgahmu gne fapawa Abtocmeykonohhɵ» 6ɵno ytbepwgeho mpoekt- hoe sagahme ha mpmcmoco6nehme otbogmmɵx sgahmu mog fapaw m mactepckme. B sagahmm ymommhaetce sgahme yepkbm mnoyagad 837 kb. m, mpmcmoca6nmbaemoe
«mog pemohthyd 6asy c yctpouctbom 6 pemohthɵx em. Oghobpemehho mpegyc- motpeta pasmeyehme bcmomofatenahɵx yexob mo ctehe cebephou uactm sgahme… B boctouhou uactm (antapa) pasmectmta motopho-mexahmueckmu yex mn. 111 m²
… B dwhom kpɵne (6ɵbmme kenam) pasmectmta mo I-my stawy … Mo II-my stawy pasmectmta o6yewmtme gne nmuhofo coctaba konohhɵ komhathou cmctemɵ mo 15–18 m² kawgae. … C samaghou ctopohɵ sgahme mpegycmotpeta otkpɵtyd cto- ehky gne abtomammh bgona 6ɵbmefo sgahme mpotewehmem 114 met., ha mmpmhy 35 metp.» [10; 13–13 o6.].
19 mapta 1943 f. ha sacegahmm Hcmonkoma ¶sepwmhckofo pauohhofo cobeta gemytatob tpygeymxce 6ɵno mpmheto pemehme: «Otbectm mog yupewgehme mo- meyehme mo pauohy: … 2) 3-e otg. P-K. mmnmymm bpemehho (ueogopckom moha- ctɵpe) m moctoehho mo Bonxobckou ¼ 18» [11; 6 o6.].
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B gpyfom mpotokone paucobeta ot 19 mdhe 1945 f. ometa ymommhaetce o6m- tena: «Hcmonkom pemmn: … 4. O6esata bcex pykobogmteneu mpegmpmetmu m yu- pewgehmu o6ecmeumta opfahmsobahhɵu bɵbog k 9-tm uacam ytpa 29-fo mdhe c.f. k sgahmd ¶sepwmhckofo PBK (Hnnmogopobckmu mohactɵpa)» [12; 91 o6.].
B mpotokone sacegahme paucobeta ot 11 cehte6pe 1945 f. ckasaho o pemehmm
«sakpemmta sa wen. gop. 6atom b/u 44371 gne bocctahobnehme kopo6km mo fama- ebckou yfon Ohewckou m Hebckou ¼ 50» [13; 131].
Bechou 1945 f. b Ctanmhfpag mpm6ɵna ctpomtenahae pota mog komahgoba- hmem B. C. Ckbopyoba. Bnagmmmp Ctemahobmu bcmommhaet, uto b monypaspy- mehhou o6mtenm momeyanmca ¶sepwmhckmu pauboehkomat, paummyetopf, 3-e otgenehme mmnmymm m mhowectbo uacthɵx nmy. Bcex mx moctemehho bɵcenmnm m hauanm ctpomta wmnae gne monka. Mo cnobam B. C. Ckbopyoba, pasbanmhɵ mo-
hactɵpe bosbɵmanmca go ypobhe 2-fo stawa, a co6op co ctehamm monytopame- tpobou tonymhɵ yyenen (tonako 6es kpɵmm), m efo kmpmmu mcmonasobance mmm gne ctpomtenactba. Mpabga, pas6mpata efo 6ɵno oueha teweno – kpommnce cam kmpmmu, ho mbɵ mewgy knagkou he moggabanmca [14; 6]. B co6ope coxpahmnaca takwe uacta pocmmceu, m metannmueckme he mpo6mbaemɵe mynemm bopota cmpaba m cneba ot bxoga b hefo. Okono bopot smenm fny6okme mpobanɵ, bepoetho, ot mogsemhɵx xogob. B. C. Ckbopyob o6hapywmn m ogmh ywe o6pymmbmmuce xog, begyymu b ctopohy Bonfm. Ho nesta tyga congatɵ he pmckhynm m mpocto sacɵ- manm mpoban [15; 6].
B mtofe mocne bcex paspymehmu boehhofo bpemehm m mepectpoek mmphofo ot ctpoehmu mohactɵpe octanaca nmma uacta ctehɵ, bɵxogeyae ha yn. mm. Mapma- na K. K. Pokoccobckofo.
Npmmeuahme
1. Kmsmnno Kohct. Ctygehueckoe o6yewmtme // Ctanmhfpagckae mpabga. – 1936. – 15 cehte6pe. – C. 3.
2. Mamohtob B. H. ¶ena gabho mmhybmmx gheu… – Bonfofpag: Hsgatena, 2015. – 264 c.
3. Kpachmk u., Ahgpeeb 8. Ctanmhfpagckoe shamehme // Becthmk boehhofo m mopckofo gyxobehctba. Cmeybɵmyck. – M., 2005.
4. Ctanmhfpagckmu fopogckou Kommtet o6opohɵ b fogɵ Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ: gokymehtɵ m matepmanɵ /2-e msg. // HHH mpo6nem skohommueckou mctopmm Poccmm XX beka BonFV m gp. Mog peg. M. M. 3afopynako. – Bonfofpag: Hsgatena, 2007. – 904 c.
5. Ctanmhfpagckae smomee: Matepmanɵ HKB¶ CCCP m boehhou yehsypɵ ms ]ehtpana- hofo apxmba 8Cb P8. – M.: 3bohhmya-MF, 2000. – 496 c.
6. Kohexmh Knmm. He sa6ygy: teha ha ctehe – pykaba sacyuehɵ, b pykax «mmauccep» …
// Fopogckme bectm (Bonfofpag). – 1993. – ¼ 25 (263).
7. fekmctɵ b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe: ¶okymehtɵ, bocmommhahme, ouepkm / Coct. M. T. Monekob, B. H. ¶emmgob, H. B. Opnob. – Bonfofpag: FV «Hsgatena», 2002. – 432 c.
8. Mahuehko Œ. H. 163 ghe ha ynmyax Ctanmhfpaga. – Bonfofpag: Hsgatena, 2013. – 264 c.
9. Focygapctbehhɵu apxmb Bonfofpagckou o6nactm (ganee FABO). 8. P-779. Om. 1. ¶. 3. u. 3. 10.Tam we. u. 13–13 o6.
11. FABO. 8. P-6109. Om. 1. ¶. 1. u. 6 o6.
12. FABO. 8. P-6109. Om. 1. ¶. 4. u. 91 o6.
13. Tam we. u. 131.
14. Mmndtmha B. Tauhɵ mohactɵpe // Xmsha (Bonfofpag). – 2002. – 18 geka6pe. – ¼ 51. – C. 6.
15. Anekcahgpoba E. Cemagecet net m ogmh geha // Mockobckmu komcomoney b Bonfofpa- ge. – 2002. – 3 okte6pe. – C. 12.
NAMªT@ O CTAflEHFPA¶CKOM bETBE B 8OH¶AX FO- CV¶APCTBEHHOFO ECTOPEKO-KVfl@TVPHOFO 5ANOBE¶HEKA «NOflE NOflTABCKOM bETBª»
Hbanαe Cepseu Aneecan6pobuu
Pan6u6am ucmopuueceux naye,
tamecmumena 6upeemopa no nayuno-myteunou u o6patobamenanou 6eemenanocmu Mytee-tanobe6nuea «Cmanunspa6ceae 6umba» mim-volgogr ad@mail.ru
yn. um. Mapnana Yyueoba, 47, 400005, s. Bonsospa6, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. Ctatae mocbeyeha mctopmm cosgahme, skcmohmpobahme m xpa- hehme b samobeghmke «Mone Montabckou 6mtbɵ» mahopamɵ «bmtba ha Bonfe», hammcahhou xygowhmkamm Ctygmm 6atanahou wmbommcm mmehm M. b. Fpekoba A. Fopmehko, F. Mapuehko, M. Xmfmmohtom, H. Ahgpeekou b 1950 fogy m ctabmeu oghou ms «mpegmectbehhmy» mahopamɵ «Pasfpom hemeyko-Øammctckmx bouck mog Ctanmhfpagom».
Knduebɵe cnoba: xygowhmkm-fpekobyɵ, samobeghmk «Mone Montabckou 6mtbɵ», mahopama, skcmosmyme.
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