GREAT BATTLE OF THE GREAT WAR
Vasin Alexey Victorovich
Director of the Museum-Reserve «The Battle of Stalingrad» panorama_sb@mail.ru
47 Marshala Chuikova Street, 400005, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article examines different aspects of the study of separate stages of the Battle of Stalingrad. Special attention is given to the counter-offensive period of the battle and to the influence of the Stalingrad victory on the further course of the Great Patriotic War and World War II, the strengthening of anti-Hitler coalition, the rise of liberation movement in the European countries occupied by the Nazi Germany.
Key words: counter-offensive, artillery preparation, ultimatum, Stalingrad victory.
Bouha – sto bcefga 6ona m paspymehme. Btopae mmpobae bouha 6ɵna ym- bmnmsaymohhou katactpoØou. Hm ogho focygapctbo b mmpe ha tot momeht, kpome Cobetckofo Codsa, he cmofno 6ɵ mepehectm takme motepm.
Ctanmhfpagy mpmmnoca mepewmta mhofo 6onm. Ofpomhɵe motepm cpegm mmphofo hacenehme, gecetkm tɵceu uenobek yfhaho b mneh, 6onee mmnnmoha 6esbosbpathɵx motepa cpegm bouck, saymyabmmx fopog. 3a 6 meceyeb 6oe- bɵx geuctbmu bouha hahecna Ctanmhfpagy ofpomhɵu matepmanahɵu yyep6, goctmfmmu 6onee 9 mmnnmapgob py6neu. ¶ecetkm net wmtenm mɵtanmca mpe-
bpatmta efo b kpymheummu mhgyctpmanahɵu m kynatyphɵu yehtp ctpahɵ. Mnogɵ mhofonethmx tpygob 6ɵnm yhmutowehɵ b teuehme heckonakmx me- ceyeb.
3a bpeme Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ 6ɵno paspymeho 41 685 gomob, 124 mkonɵ, 120 getckmx cagob, 14 teatpob m kmhoteatpob, 75 pa6oumx kny6ob m ¶bopyob kynatypɵ, 2 ympka, 15 6onahmy, megmymhckmu, megafofmueckmu m mexahmueckmu mhctmtytɵ. Monhoctad yhmutoweho bce fopogckoe xoseu- ctbo. Hs 126 mpomɵmnehhɵx mpegmpmetmu, mmebmmxce b fopoge, Øaktmue- ckm he coxpahmnoca hm oghofo. 48 sabogob 6ɵnm paspymehɵ go ochobahme 1. Ctanmhfpag 6ɵn fmfahtckou mecopy6kou, kotopae mepemanɵbana bcex 6es moyagɵ. Oghako, uto6ɵ moheta macmta6 stou momctmhe benmkou 6mtbɵ,
hywho mohmmata, kakyd apmmd mɵ mo6egmnm.
Æ he cgenad ceuuac hmkakofo hayuhofo otkpɵtme, kofga ckawy, uto b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe ha otgenahɵx stamax c o6emx ctopoh boebano go 2 mmnnmohob uenobek, hacumtɵbanoca go 25 tɵceu opygmu m mmhometob, 6o- nee 2 tɵceu tahkob m cbɵme 2300 camonetob.
|
|
|
Fobope o Ctanmhfpagckou Mo6ege, hywho momhmta, uto k hauany Cta- nmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ coothomehme cmn m cpegctb ctopoh cnowmnoca b monasy mpotmbhmka.
Ha Øpohte mpotewehhoctad 520 kmnometpob comnmca:
| 6-e hemeykae apmme | Kpachae Apmme | |
| udgm | 18 gmbmsmu (250 tɵceu uenobek) | 16 gmbmsmu (187 tɵceu uenobek) |
| Opygme m mmhometɵ | 7500 | 7900 |
| Tahkm | 740 | 360 |
| Camonetɵ | 1200 | 337 |
Fnabhɵu ygap 6ɵn hayeneh ha Ctanmhfpag, mostomy hemocpegctbehho mpo- tmb 62-u m mpabofo Ønahfa 64-u apmmu mpotmbhmk cocpegotoumn 6onee cmnahyd fpymmmpobky m mpebocxogmn boucka stmx apmmu:
b mexote – b 1,5 pasa;
b aptmnnepmm – b 2,6 pasa; b tahkax – b 2 pasa.
Ha bcex mocnegydymx stamax o6opohɵ fopoga coothomehme cmn mehenoca, ho bmnota go hauana kohtphactymnehme mpebocxogctbo octabanoca ha ctopohe mpotmbhmka.
H tonako k 19 hoe6pe, sa cuet mnahomephofo cocpegotouehme pesepbob, yga- noca bɵpobheta coothomehme cmn, a shaumtenahɵu mepebec 6ɵn goctmfhyt sa cuet mx kohyehtpaymm ha fnabhɵx hampabnehmex ygapob:
 |
1 ]¶HHBO. 8. 113, g. 358, n. 244
| Cmnɵ m cpegctba | Cobetckme boucka | Boucka mpotmbhmka | Coothomehme |
| udgm | 1 000 500 | 1 011 500 | 1:1 |
| Tahkm m CAV | 894 | 675 | 1,3:1 |
| Opygme m mmhometɵ | 13 541 | 10 290 | 1,3:1 |
| boebɵe camonetɵ | 1 115 | 1 216 | 1:1,1 |
23 hoe6pe 1942 foga cobetckme boucka okpywmnm b pauohe Ctanmhfpaga 22 gmbmsmm m 160 otgenahɵx uacteu bouck mpotmbhmka o6yeu umcnehho- ctad 330 tɵceu uenobek, kotopae satem 6ɵna monhoctad pasfpomneha.
Mepeg hauanom nmkbmgaymm hemeykoe komahgobahme otknohmno ham ynatmmatym o mpekpayehmm compotmbnehme m cgaue b mneh. H tofga bce moya Kpachou Apmmm o6pymmnaca ha bpafa. Bo bpeme omepaymm «Kona- yo» (nmkbmgayme okpywehhou fpymmmpobkm) aptmnnepmuckae mnothocta ha hampabnehmm fnabhofo ygapa goctmfana 167–200 opygmu ha 1 km Øpohta.
|
|
|
B. Agam – agadtaht mta6a 6-u monebou hemeykou apmmm ommcɵban hauano hamefo hactymnehme tak:
«Bokpyf bce fpemeno, semne cogpofanaca. Ctana fpagom cɵmanaca ha
«Kpemocta Ctanmhfpaga», kpomcana ndgeu m wmbothɵx, pashocmna bgpe6es- fm ykpɵtme, abtomammhɵ, opywme, pbana teneØohhɵe mpoboga».
B xoge 6oeb c 10 ehbape mo 2 Øebpane 1943 foga boucka ¶ohckofo Øpohta pasfpommnm 22 gmbmsmm, mnehmnm 91 tɵceuy congat m oØmyepob mpotmbhmka, b tom umcne 6onee 2,5 tɵceum oØmyepob m 24 fehepana, saxbatmnm 6onamme tpoØem. 3a mepmog kohtphactymnehme cobetckmx bouck c 19 hoe6pe 1942 foga mo 2 Øebpane 1943 foga ha Ctanmhfpagckom hampabnehmm bpaf mote- pen cbɵme 800 tɵceu uenobek, okono 2 tɵceu tahkob m mtypmobɵx opygmu, 6onee 10 tɵceu opygmu m mmhometob, go 3 tɵceu 6oebɵx m tpahcmopthɵx camonetob m cbɵme 70 tɵceu abtomammh. Bepmaxt monhoctad nmmmnce 32 gmbmsmu m 3 6pmfag, a 16 gpyfmx gmbmsmu motepenm ot 50 go 70% nmuhofo coctaba. 3to 6ɵn cokpymmtenahɵu pasfpom fmtnepobckou apmmm.
Okpywehme m yhmutowehme takou ofpomhou fpymmmpobkm bouck b ycno- bmex xonoghou m mhofochewhou smmɵ ebmnoca tpmymØom cobetckofo bo- ehhofo mckycctba. Boucka mpoebmnm maccobɵu fepomsm, a Hmkonau Hmkona- ebmu Bopohob ckasan o mo6ege b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe tak: «Tonako cmnou opywme mɵ cmofnm mo6egmta».
O6yme motepm bouck Øammctckofo 6noka coctabmnm uetbepta efo cmn, geuctbobabmmx b to bpeme ha cobetcko-fepmahckom Øpohte. Bcefo bep- maxt motepen 1,5 mmnnmoha uenobek y6mtɵmm, pahehɵmm m mnehehhɵmm. 3to 6ɵno katactpoØmueckoe mopawehme. Fehepan BectØana mmcan: «Mo- pawehme mog Ctanmhfpagom mobepfno b ywac kak hemeykmu hapog, tak m efo apmmd. Hmkofga mpewge sa bcd mctopmd Fepmahmm he 6ɵno cnyuae
ctona ctpamhou fm6enm takofo konmuectba bouck». B Fepmahmm 6ɵn o6a- ebneh tpexghebhɵu tpayp.
|
|
|
Anekcahgp Bept, kotopɵu bo bpeme bouhɵ pa6otan koppecmohgehtom 6pmtahckofo msgahme Sunday Times b Cobetckom Codse, hammcan b cboeu khmfe «Poccme b bouhe»: «3to spenmye fpesm m ctpagahmu bo gbope ¶oma Kpachou Apmmm 6ɵno mocneghmm momm bmeuatnehmem ot Ctanmhfpaga. Mhe mpmmomhmnmca m gonfme tpebowhɵe ghm neta 1942 foga, m houm nohgohckofo 6nmya, m ØotofpaØmm Fmtnepa, yxmɵnedyefoce ha ctymehakax co6opa Mag- neh b Mapmwe, m tocknmbɵe ghm 1938 m 1939 fogob, kofga Ebpoma hepbho nobmna 6epnmhckme pagmomepegaum m cnymana bomnm Fmtnepa, compobowga- emɵe ndgoegckmm pebom hemeykou tonmɵ. H e ybmgen shamehme cypobou, ho 6owectbehhou cmpabegnmboctm b stmx samepsmmx bɵfpe6hɵx emax, b stmx o6fnogahhɵx nomagmhɵx ckenetax m wentɵx tpymax ymepmmx ot fonoga hemyeb bo gbope ¶oma Kpachou Apmmm b Ctanmhfpage».
Hama mo6ega mog Ctanmhfpagom mogopbana he tonako boehhyd moya, ho m mpectmw Fepmahmm cpegm codshmkob m co6ctbehhɵx fpawgah. ¶awe te hemeykme congatɵ, kotopɵm uygom yganoca bɵpbatace ms kotna, mo mx we co6ctbehhɵm cbmgetenactbam motepenm bepy b Fmtnepa.
B to we bpeme mo6ega b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe cmoco6ctbobana ykpemne- hmd ahtmfmtnepobckou koanmymm. B teuehme 1943 foga Øammctckou Fepma- hmm o6aebmnm bouhy eye 4 focygapctba.
Ctanmhfpagckoe kohtphactymnehme mepepocno b o6yee ctpatefmueckoe hactymnehme Kpachou Apmmm. Mocne Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ ctana bosmow- hou kpymheumae b mmpobou boehhou mctopmm tahkobae 6mtba ha Kypckou gyfe, fpahgmoshae mo macmta6am m mpoebnehmd maccobofo fepomsma hammx bouck 6mtba sa ¶hemp m Mpabo6epewhyd Vkpamhy, monhae ge6nokaga uehmh- fpaga, ocbo6owgehme Kpɵma m bce ganaheumme hactymatenahɵe omepaymm cobetckmx bouck mo ocbo6owgehmd okkymmpobahhɵx teppmtopmu Cobetcko- fo Codsa m ctpah Ebpomɵ.
Ctanmhfpagckae mo6ega bgoxhyna wmsha b haymohanaho-ocbo6ogmtena- hoe gbmwehme hapogob Ebpomɵ m Asmm.
Bo 8pahymm b mae 1943 foga 6ɵn cosgah Haymohanahɵu cobet compotmbnehme. B Œfocnabmm 29–30 hoe6pe 1943 foga 6ɵn o6pasobah Haymohanahɵu ko-
|
|
|
mmtet ocbo6owgehme Œfocnabmm.
Pasbeptɵbanaca haymohanaho-ocbo6ogmtenahae 6opa6a an6ahckofo hapoga.
B fexocnobakmm c hauana 1943 foga moebmnmca moctoehho geuctbydyme maptmsahckme otpegɵ.
Otgenahɵe uactm cnobaykou apmmm, hampabnebmmece ha cobetcko-fep- mahckmu Øpoht, hauanm mepexogmta ha ctopohy Kpachou Apmmm.
1 mapta 1943 foga b Moname b mogmonahou meuatm 6ɵna omy6nmkobaha ge- knapayme ]K Monackou pa6oueu maptmm «3a uto mɵ 6opemce?», ompegenebmae mpofpammy 6opa6ɵ monackofo hapoga m 6ygyyee ctpahɵ mocne ocbo6owgehme.
Pacmmpenaca haymohanaho-ocbo6ogmtenahae 6opa6a b gpyfmx okkymmpobah- hɵx ctpahax Ebpomɵ – b Fpeymm, benafmm, Hmgepnahgax, Hopbefmm.
Aktmbhɵe geuctbme mpotmb saxbatumkob pasbephynmca b ctpahax, okkymmpo- bahhɵx emohckmmm bouckamm: b Manaue, Baethame, bmpme, Fonnahgckou Hhgmm, Taunahge.
Bechou 1943 foga ahtmØammctckoe gbmwehme aktmbmsmpobanoca b Htanmm.
Tofga we matpmotɵ bonfapmm cosganm egmhyd hapogho-ocbo6ogmtenahyd mobctahueckyd apmmd.
uetom 1943 foga 6ɵn opfahmsobah Matpmotmueckmu ahtmfmtnepobckmu Øpoht b Pymɵhmm.
Bechou 1943 foga ahfno-amepmkahckme boopywehhɵe cmnɵ hauanm pasbephy- toe hactymnehme b Cebephou AØpmke.
Ecnm hakahyhe bouhɵ c Cobetckmm Codsom Fepmahme mmena gmmnomatmue- ckme othomehme c 40 (copoka) focygapctbamm, to b 1943 fogy nmma c 22 (gbag- yatad gbyme!).
Aktmbmsmpobanmca mepefobopɵ mewgy codshmkamm ahtmfmtnepobckou koa- nmymm mo otkpɵtmd btopofo Øpohta b Ebpome.
H b sto we bpeme mo6ega b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe bcenmna b cepgya mpoctɵx ndgeu b pashɵx ctpahax hagewgy ha ocbo6owgehme Ebpomɵ ot Øammsma.
B Ctanmhfpag ctanm moctymata mosgpabnehme m mogapkm.
B mepbyd fogobymhy mo6egɵ b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe b Cobetckmu Cods mpm6ɵno shame ms Hopbefmm, mogmonaho bɵmmtoe wehymhamm b okkymmpobah- hou fmtnepobyamm ctpahe.
Myta stofo shamehm b Ctanmhfpag 6ɵn hempoctɵm. Bckope mocne mo6egɵ mog Ctanmhfpagom mpegctabmtenm hopbewckofo ahtmØammctckofo o6yectba henefanaho mpo6panmca b Hbeymd. Bosfnabnena sty «genefaymd» hopbewckae pasbegumya Anama. Ohm mpm6ɵnm b mpecc-6dpo cobetckofo moconactba. H mepeg fnasamm msymnehhɵx cotpyghmkob pasbephynm shame c bɵmmtɵm bocxogeymm hag pymhamm fopoga conhyem m hagmmcad ha pycckom esɵke: «Ctanmhfpagckae mo6ega sawfna mmnnmohɵ cepgey hagewgou m bocxmyehmem». Ha o6opothou ctopohe shamehm bɵmmt hopbewckmu Ønaf b nyuax conhya m hagmmca ha hopbew- ckom esɵke: «Fepoem Ctanmhfpaga ot cbo6ogond6mbɵx hopbewyeb b fogobymhy mo6egɵ. 2.2.1944».
¶pyfmm epkmm mogapkom Ctanmhfpagy ctana ckatepta, bɵmmtae wehymhamm ahfnmuckofo fopoga Kobehtpm, co6pabmmmm cpegctba gne megmymhckou momoym Ctanmhfpagy b 1943 fogy. 3mmnm Cmmt (msp Kobehtpm) m 830 gpyfmx wehymh (m heckonako mywumh) hammcanm cbom mmeha ha ckateptm. Kawgɵu ms hmx gonweh 6ɵn samnatmta sa mogmmca mecta mehcob b Øohg megmymhckou momoym Ctanmhfpagy. B mocnegydyme gba foga Meu Agamc bɵmmna stm mmeha ha ckateptm. Oha hauana bɵ- mmbata b Øebpane 1943 foga, kofga Ctanmhfpag 6ɵn ocbo6owgeh, m monasobanaca kawgou bosmowhoctad, uto6ɵ mompocmta ndgeu moctabmta cbom mogmmcm m bhectm cbou gehewhɵu bknag b Øohg megmymhckou momoym Cobetckomy Codsy.
C momoyad 830 mogmmceu 6ɵna co6paha cymma b 60 Øyhtob gne megm- ymhckou momoym Ctanmhfpagy. Cpegm hagmmceu, bɵmmtɵx mo kpaem ckatep- tm, ecta cnoba: «uyume manehakae momoya, uem 6onamoe cowanehme».
Takme beym hafnegho gemohctpmpydt mognmhhoe mewgyhapoghoe mpm- shahme ponm Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ bo Btopou mmpobou bouhe.
9 mae 1945 foga b mpmfopoge bepnmha 6ɵn mogmmcah akt o monhou m 6es- ofobopouhou kammtyneymm Øammctckou Fepmahmm. He cnyuauho mmehho sgeca 50 net hasag 6ɵn ochobah fepmaho-poccmuckmu «Myseu bepnmh-Kap- ncxopct». Cosgahme stofo mysee mogtbepwgaet cofnacme m egmhɵu bsfneg ha mctopmd Btopou mmpobou bouhɵ b to bpeme.
Tem o6mghee ha6ndgata, kak mpomcxogmt ceuuac gemohtaw mametm. Mɵ bmgmm, kak pymatce b Moname mamethmkm cobetckmm congatam, kak ockbep- hedtce mamethmkm b gpyfmx ctpahax, a ha Vkpamhe m bobce mpobogmtce to- tanahae gekommyhmsayme. Bce sto mpmbogmt k packony b o6yectbe.
Cefoghe ham hywho bhmmatenaho mocnymata gpyf gpyfa, mogenmtace pe- synatatamm cbomx mccnegobahmu, o6cygmta pashɵe toukm spehme m, bosmow- ho, bɵpa6otata kakyd-to ctpatefmd gne ganaheumeu pa6otɵ.
CTAflEHFPA¶: NPOPªB KOfl@]A OKPVKEHEª E BO5¶VHHªM MOCT – BONPOC BªbOPA?
Menc Benep
Pyeobo6umena Øomoapxuba Boenno-ucmopuueceoso mytee byn6ecbepa mhmeingang@bundeswehr.org
Ona6puxmnnaç, 2, 01099, s. ¶pet6en, Tepmanue
Ahhotayme. Kofga fepmahckme wyphanmctɵ m otgenahɵe mctopmkm gadt oyehky co6ɵtmem b Ctanmhfpage, ohm uacto ocywgadt Mayndca, Fepmhfa m Fmt- nepa sa to, uto te he cmofnm opfahmsobata mpopɵb ms kotna. He otpmyae mx otbet- ctbehhoctm sa cokpymmtenahɵu pasfpom hemeykou apmmm mog Ctanmhfpagom, abtop mogbepfaet comhehmd bosmowhocta takofo mpopɵba. B ctatae mpmbegeh ahanms pega hemeykmx gokymehtob, gokasɵbadymx, uto ha momeht okpywehme 6-e apmme ywe mpe6ɵbana b kpauhe tewenom monowehmm.
Knduebɵe cnoba: Ctanmhfpag, mpopɵb, ctpatefme, mmØ.
Дата добавления: 2019-09-02; просмотров: 215; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!