COMMISSION ON THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR HISTORY IN STALINGRAD (1942–1943).
Apsacyeba Cbemnana Anamonaebna
Pan6u6am uceyccmbobe6enue,
tabe6yα4uu om6enom tecnotuçuonno-bacmabounax pa6om Mytee-tanobe6nuea «Cmanunspa6ceae 6umba» argasz eva@mail.ru
yn. um. Mapnana Yyueoba, 47, 400005, s. Bonsospa6, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. B ctatae paccmatpmbadtce pasnmuhɵe mpoektɵ bocctahobne- hme paspymehhofo bouhou Ctanmhfpaga, mpmcnahhɵe ha otkpɵtɵu kohkypc, o6aebnehhɵu b cehte6pe 1944 foga Kommtetom mo genam apxmtektypɵ mpm Co- bhapkome CCCP m Codsom cobetckmx apxmtektopob. Hccnegobahme sckmsob m ha6pockob mosboneet cgenata bɵbog o tom, uto mx abtopɵ ctpemmnmca moctpomta mgeanahɵu fopog co cuactnmbou m mpekpachou wmshad mocne bouhɵ.
Knduebɵe cnoba: Kommtet mo genam apxmtektypɵ, sckmsɵ, bocctahobnehme Ctanmhfpaga, apxmtektopɵ
WAR-TIME PROJECTS OF RESTORATION OF STALINGRAD AS A CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE COUNTRY
Argastseva Svetlana Anatolyevna
Candidate of Art Criticism
Chief of the Department of exposition and exhibition works of the Museum-Reserve «The Battle of Stalingrad» argasz eva@mail.ru
47 Marshala Chuikova Street, 400005, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article presents different projects of restoration of Stalingrad that was demolished during the battle. These projects were sent to the public competition, organized by the Committee of Architecture of the USSR and the Union of Soviet Architects in September 1944. Researching of the sketches leads to the conclusion that their authors sought to build ideal city with happy and wonderful life after the war.
Key words: Committee of Architecture, sketches, restoration of Stalingrad, ar- chitects
¶ne mpabmnahou oyehkm apxmtektyphofo o6pasa cobpemehhofo Bonfofpaga heo6xogmmo msyuata bompocɵ mpoektmpobahme fopoga-fepoe b boehhoe bpeme m mctopmd mocneboehhofo bocctahobnehme Ctanmhfpaga.
Packpɵta mctopmueckmu xog co6ɵtmu Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ momofaet sha- hme gyxobhou kynatypɵ o6yectba. K takmm matepmanmsobahhɵm mpegmetam gy- xobhoctm boehhofo bpemehm mowho othectm mpoektɵ bocctahobnehme Ctanmh- fpaga 1943–1945 ff. Hx msyuehme bosgeuctbyet mopou cmnahee, uem msyuehme tofo mnm mhofo mctopmueckofo gokymehta tex bpemeh.
3tm mpoektɵ b hegabhem mpomnom paccmatpmbanmca b nyumem cnyuae kak apxmtektyphɵe Øahtasmm, o hmx cygmnm c hekoeu chmcxogmtenahoctad. B ha- ctoeyee bpeme ohm ctanm mpegmetom mccnegobahme kak Øakt peanahofo tbopue- ctba, mpegctabnedyefo co6ou mgem, cØopmmpobabmme b koheuhom cuete xygo- wectbehhɵu o6pas mɵmnehme boehhofo bpemehm.
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3abepmmnaca Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba, mctopmueckoe shauehme kotopou 6ɵno mpmshaho bcem mmpom. Ctanmhfpag newan b pymhax. O6ymu matepmanahɵu yyep6 mpebɵcmn 9 mmnnmapgob py6neu (ofpomhae cymma b gehewhom msmepehmm tofo bpemehm). H bmonhe mohetho 6ɵno wenahme ndgeu bmgeta efo bospowgeh- hɵm m he mpocto fopogom gne wmteneu, a fopogom-mamethmkom b kamhe m 6poh- se, c hasmgatenahɵm ypokom bosmesgme bpafy, fopogom beuhou mametm mabmmm efo saymthmkam. Bospowgehme fopoga-fepoe Ctanmhfpaga ctano samethou bexou b mctopmm hapoga, ctpahɵ.
B hoe6pe 1943 f. b fasete «Ctanmhfpagckae mpabga» moebmnoca coo6yehme o tom, uto ko ¶hd XXVI fogobymhɵ Benmkou Okte6packou coymanmctmueckou pebondymm y 6patckmx mofmn m b mectax, mmedymx mctopmueckoe shauehme gne Ctanmhfpaga, yctahabnmbadtce hobɵe bpemehhɵe mamethmkm m memopmana- hɵe gockm. O6payadt ha ce6e bhmmahme ctpomtenahɵe matepmanɵ, ms kotopɵx mpegmonafanoca mx bɵmonhmta: «Bpemehho memopmanahɵe gockm mpegmonafa- etce cgenata ms tonctofo sepkanahofo ctekna c sonotɵmm 6ykbamm mo kpachomy Øohy, hekotopɵe 6ygyt msfotobnehɵ ms mpamopa, a uacta – ms monmpobahhofo gepeba».
B mpoektax, kotopɵe 6ɵnm paccumtahɵ ha shaumtenahɵu apxmtektyphɵu o6pas, mpegmonafanoca mcmonasobata oueha gopofme matepmanɵ, bknduae gawe sonoto.
Bechou 1943 f. Anekceu Bmktopobmu ⎝yceb moceyaet fopog-fepou m mpmhm- maet yuactme b o6cywgehmm ochobhɵx mpo6nem mo efo bocctahobnehmd. Anek- ceu Bmktopobmu hactambaet ha tom, uto peua bce we gonwha mgtm, hecmotpe ha benmuaumme paspymehme, o bocctahobnehmm, a he o ctpomtenactbe ha ctapom me- cte cobepmehho hobofo hacenehhofo myhkta, heo6xogmmo makcmmanaho coxpa- hmta mnahmpobouhyd ctpyktypy fopoga, sgahme, mognewayme bocctahobnehmd.
«Mɵ hageemce ybmgeta hamm bospowgehhɵe fopoga eye nyummmm, uem ohm 6ɵnm pahame, mcmonasobab bce tpagmymm gahhofo fopoga». Ho mpm ytbepwgehmm fehepanahofo mnaha pasbmtme Ctanmhfpaga 6ɵno mpmheto pemehme o ctpomtena- ctbe mpaktmueckm hobofo fopoga c nmheuhou mnahmpobouhou ctpyktypou. Takoe pemehme mpewge bcefo 6ɵno mpogmktobaho mgeonofmeu, a he fpagoctpomtena- hɵmm sagauamm.
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Vwe b mapte 1943 f. b fasete «Tpyg» Kapo Cemehobmu Ana6eh mmmet o 6y- gyyem bospowgehmm ms pymh m memna Ctanmhfpaga, kotopɵu, mo efo mhehmd, gonweh 6ɵta oghmm ms kpacmbeummx fopogob c mmpokmmm mpocmektamm, 6yna- bapamm, Øohtahamm, ha6epewhou – fopogom-mamethmkom.
bonamou mhtepec k bocctahobnehmd Ctanmhfpaga mpoebnenm m saymthmkm hamefo fopoga, b hamem mysee skcmohmpyetce ØotofpaØme, fge bmye-mpesmgeht Akagemmm apxmtektypɵ CCCP K. Ana6eh goknagɵbaet o mpoektax bocctahobne- hme komahgydyemy Ctanmhfpagckmm Øpohtom A. H. Epemehko, komahgydyemy 62-u apmmm B. H. fyukoby m komahgydyemy 64-u apmmm M. C. Hymmnoby.
4 ampene 1943 f. Focygapctbehhɵu Kommtet O6opohɵ CCCP mpmhen mocta- hobnehme o mepboouepeghɵx mepompmetmex mo bocctahobnehmd mpomɵmnehho- ctm m fopogckofo xoseuctba Ctanmhfpaga.
B cehte6pe 1944 f. fnabhɵm apxmtektopom fopoga 6ɵn hashaueh Bacmnmu Hm- konaebmu Cmm6mpyeb.
Xouetce mpmbectm bocmommhahme msbecthofo amepmkahckofo mmcatene ¶wo- ha Cteuh6eka, hammcahhɵe mocne moceyehme Ctanmhfpaga m omy6nmkobahhɵe b 1948 fogy b Had-Mopke kak pycckmu ghebhmk. Takmm oh ybmgen stot fopog: «… Mhe m pahame mpmxogmnoca bmgeta paspymehhɵe fopoga, ho 6onammhctbo ms hmx 6ɵno pas6om6neho. 3to 6ɵn cobcem gpyfou cnyuau. B pas6om6nehhom fopo- ge hekotopɵe ctehɵ bce-takm octadtce yenɵmm, a stot fopog 6ɵn yhmutoweh he tonako abmaymeu, ho m mmhomethɵm m aptmnnepmuckmm ofhem. Cpawehme sa hefo gnmnmca meceyamm… cteh sgeca moutm he octanoca… udgm wmbyt b mogbanax gomob, semnehkax».
Emy, amepmkahyy, 6ɵnm mohethɵ uybctba pycckmx ndgeu – «…bheceho mpeg- nowehme mepehectm fopog bhms mnm bbepx mo peke, he mɵtaeca gawe bocctaho- bmta efo, mockonaky pacumctka teppmtopmm motpe6obana ofpomhofo tpyga. ¶e- mebne m nefue 6ɵno 6ɵ hauata c hyne, ho pycckmm hywho 6ɵno bocctahobmta Ctanmhfpag ha ctapom mecte mo mpmumham umcto cehtmmehtanahɵm».
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B cehte6pe 1944 f. Kommtet mo genam apxmtektypɵ mpm Cobhapkome CCCP m Cods cobetckmx apxmtektopob o6aebmnm otkpɵtɵu kohkypc ha sckmshɵu mpoekt yehtpanahou mnoyagm Ctanmhfpaga c mohymehtom fepomueckmm saymthmkam fopoga. ]ehtpanahɵe fasetɵ «Mpabga» m «Hsbectme» omy6nmkobanm o hem co- o6yehme TACC. 3a nyumme mpoektɵ 6ɵnm hashauehɵ hemanɵe gne boehhofo bpemehm gehewhɵe mpemmm – ot 5 go 20 tɵceu py6neu. B kohkypchom mpoek- tmpobahmm yuactbobanm shamehmtɵe mactepa apxmtektypɵ, mpoØeccmohanahɵe apxmtektopɵ m camoyukm – bce wenadyme. Kohkypc ctan samethɵm ebnehmem gyxobhou wmshm boehhɵx net, a camm fpaØmueckme pa6otɵ bomnm b Øohg ot- euectbehhofo kynatyphofo hacnegme.
Hccnegobahme ha6pockob, sckmsob momofaet mpocnegmta powgehme samɵc- nob, yechmta nofmky mx pasbmtme, moheta abtopckme mgem, xote b ycnobmex bo- ehhofo bpemehm abtopɵ he bcefga mpetehgobanm ha efo mcmonhehme, coshabae, uto uacto stm mpoektɵ octabanmca hesakohuehhɵmm. Ohm nmma ctpemmnmca
bɵpasmta cbom mgem, moctpomta mgeanahɵu fopog co cuactnmbou, mpekpachou wmshad mocne bouhɵ.
C ygmbnehmem m ybawehmem umtaema cefoghe ctpokm moechmtenahou samm- ckm k mpoekty F. K. Mapymhkebmua, bɵmonhehhofo ha tpoØeuhou 6ymafe m mpm- cnahhofo ha kohkypc monebou moutou ¼ 55346. «B monebɵx ycnobmex, – moec- hmn abtop, – pacmonafae nmma heckonakmmm kapahgamamm, nmheukou, pyukou ga fnasom, mpmmnoca 6oname mɵcnmta, uem mso6pawata. Mostomy mpoekt cxematm- ueh…». Tak, bomh-tbopey, haxogeca b 6oebɵx ycnobmex, coshabae hegoctatkm cboefo mpoekta, bce we ctpemmnce octabmta mocne ce6e he tonako paspymehme, ho m mnogɵ cosmgatenahofo tbopuectba. ¶pyfou mpoekt, Bacmnme ueohmgobmua Kpabyoba m Hbaha Anekceebmua bmpdmoba, mpmcnahhɵu ha kohkypc 20 cehte- 6pe 1944 f. monebou moutou 61211-b, haumhaetce takmmm cnobamm: «Mɵ haxo- gmmce ganeko b Moname m, moka ctomm b o6opohe, ecta bosmowhocta hemhofo moØahtasmpobata. Koheuho, mɵ he apxmtektopɵ, he xygowhmkm. Ho hac bonhydt mogbmfm fepomueckmx saymthmkob Ctanmhfpaga, mx mywectbo, mx hempeknohhae bone k mo6ege, mostomy mɵ pemmnm cgenata ha6pocok. Mowet 6ɵta, ms stofo pmcyhka bam ygactce mcmonasobata xote 6ɵ hekotopɵe xapaktephɵe getanm».
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Mycta hm ogmh ms stmx mpoektob he ocyyectbmnce monhoctad, ho mhofme mpmhymmɵ, cØopmmpobabmmece ha stom kohkypce, hamnm cboe otpawehme b bos- powgehhom Ctanmhfpage m hɵhemhem Bonfofpage. 3tm benmuectbehhɵe mpomm- nem ha6epewhou, benmkonemhɵe moptmkm, kpacmbɵe konohhɵ, 6ynabapɵ m mno- yagm yehtpanahou uactm fopoga, cosgahhɵe b 50–60-e fogɵ, – mpemoe cnegctbme wenahme mpotmbomoctabmta mx ywacam cmeptenahou smmɵ 1942/43 f. Ta oco6ae mommeshocta m pockoma, kotopae go hegabhefo bpemehm paccmatpmbanaca tonako kak msnmmectba, cefoghe ompegenmna nmyo cobpemehhofo Bonfofpaga.
B 1943–1944 ff., eye go kohkypca, A. K. bypob, ogmh ms kpymheummx co- betckmx apxmtektopob, cobmectho c apxmtektopom C. X. Catyhyem bɵmonhmn mpoekt mysee o6opohɵ Ctanmhfpaga – «Xpam Cnabɵ». Mpoekt mm hmkto he saka- sɵban, oh he mmen kohkpethou mpmbeskm k mecthoctm. 3to 6ɵno ectectbehhɵm ctpemnehmem apxmtektopob bɵpasmta b memopmanahɵx coopywehmex owmgahme fpegyyeu mo6egɵ, uybctbo fopgoctm m uybctbo ckop6m. Bot efo ochobhɵe mgem. Mpemoyfonahoe sgahme, mmedyee pasmepɵ b mnahe 100x150 ky6. m, behuaetce benmkonemhɵm kymonom. Coopywehme mpegmonafanoca bɵmonhmta b cobpemeh- hɵx kohctpykymex c mpmmehehmem tohkmx weneso6etohhɵx cknaguatɵx cbogob mapa6onmueckou Øopmɵ. Bce hapywhɵe mobepxhoctm efo mmenm kpmbonmheuhɵe oueptahme, uto mpmgabano sgahmd mnactmky. 3kcmosmyme mysee pacmonafanaca b cboguatɵx fanepeex, b kymonahɵx mepexogax ms fnabhofo sana b fanepem pas- meyanmca spmtenahɵe sanɵ m bɵctabouhɵe momeyehme. B yehtpe haxogmnce fnabhɵu san, takwe mepekpɵtɵu kymonom. Bhytpehhee mpoctpahctbo fnabhofo memopmanahofo sana bɵcotou okono 30 m benmuectbehho m topwectbehho.
Kofga A. K. bypob yshan o kohkypce, oh mpmctymmn k paspa6otke mpoekta mo- hymehta «Ctanmhfpagckae smomee», kotopomy mpmgan moyhyd m nakohmuhyd
Øopmy mmpammgɵ-mamethmka beuhou cnabɵ wmbɵm m mabmmm. Bɵcota mohy- mehta – 150 m, gnmha ctopohɵ ochobahme – 236 m. Hs moechmtenahou sammckm k mpoekty bmgho, uto abtop paspa6atɵban yehtpmuhyd kommosmymd b bmge fm- fahtckou mmpammgɵ, pasmeyehme kotopou mpegycmatpmbanoca b mmpokmx mpo- ctopax mpmbonwckmx ctemeu okono Ctanmhfpaga. Hecmotpe ha fpahgmoshɵe pasmepɵ, mmpammga he gonwha 6ɵna mogabneta cmotpeyefo. Ctymehuatocta o6aema, mpoctpahctbehhoe pemehme kommosmymm c necthmyamm m mogxogamm gadt bosmowhocta bocmpmhmmata mamethmk mo-pashomy c pashɵx touek, t.e. kak 6ɵ bo bpemehm m mpoctpahctbe. ¶ne kapkaca coopywehme mpegmonafanoca mc- monasobata metann, otnmtɵu ms tpoØeuhɵx opygmu m tahkob, m mpouhɵe 6nokm kopannobofo ctekna c ophamehtanahɵm penaeØom.
Takae Øopma mhofoctymehuatou mmpammgɵ bctpeuaetce m b mpoektax A. B. fepkacoba, mpmcnahhɵx ms bomhckou uactm 706000A. B hem abtopckae Øahtasme mna ganeko bmepegm cboefo bpemehm: mpegmonafanoca cosgata fopog-mamethmk, saknduehhɵu b mmpammgy. B ee ochobahmm gonweh newata ysen tpahcmopthɵx myteu, bɵme F3C, kotopae o6ecmeumbaet snektposhepfmeu sabogɵ m sgahme. Bhytpehhee uacta fopoga saheta mpomsbogctbehho-xoseuctbehhɵmm coopywe- hmemm, bhemhee uacta – wmnmyho-kommyhanahɵmm coopywehmemm. Ha bepmm- he mmpammgɵ-fopoga b bmge semhofo mapa pasmeyance aspomopt. Hs semhofo mapa moghet moyhou pykou beptmkanaho ctoeymu meu, bepmmha kotopofo ybeh- uaha metmkoheuhou sbesgou. K mpoekty 6ɵnm mpmnowehɵ ctmxm abtopa, koto- pɵu mpegctabnen Ctanmhfpag 6ygyyefo takmm: «Kpacmb, ymeh, he teceh. B mmpe bcem oh tak mpenecteh». H, geuctbmtenaho, takoe heo6ɵuhoe mpmnafatenahoe gne ommcahme fopoga, kak ymhɵu, mpegmonafano mhofo mpomɵmnehhɵx o6aek- tob, hayuhɵx na6opatopmu m hayuho-mccnegobatenackmx yehtpob. Meu, moghe- tɵu hag fopogom, – cmmbon kohya bcem bouham, sto gonweh 6ɵta fopog mmpa, pagoctm m tpyga, saymyehhɵu ot hemofogɵ m bcekmx hebsfog. B hamem benm- kom fopoge he gonwhɵ mocne bouhɵ gyta gawe manehakme betepkm, mgtm gowgm, gonwha 6ɵta mgeanahae mofoga, gonwhɵ ybectm ybetɵ, meta mtmyɵ.
Takme mpoektɵ tpygho hasbata apxmtektyphɵmm, mockonaky ohm bɵxogmnm sa pamkm umctou apxmtektypɵ. 3to, ckopee, hekae Øahtacmafopme, b hmx bɵgbmfa- nmca mgem ganaheumefo mpeo6pasobahme o6yectba.
Eye oghmm mpmmepom takofo mpoekta mowet cnywmta 8opym kommyhmctmue- ckofo fopoga b yehtpe Ctanmhfpaga apxmtektopa H. ueohmgoba, kotopɵu hauan pa6oty hag stmm mpoektom, gemo6mnmsobabmmca ms geuctbydyeu apmmm mocne tewenou kohtysmm. Mo mhehmd abtopa, efo mamethmk gonweh 6ɵn o6aegmhmta ndgeu tpyga bceu mnahetɵ. Oh mɵcnmnce kak hekae cmmbonmueckae kommosmyme b bmge ofpomhofo nefkofo mapa (kak ceuuac mɵ 6ɵ ckasanm – cmythmka), bpaya- dyefoce bokpyf semnm. Ho b to bpeme abtop he mof shata moebmbmeece moswe cnobo «cmythmk», mostomy oh mhofocnobho ommcɵbaet cbod mged. «Cbepkae ha conhye, msgabae sbykm, mogo6hɵe apØe, map megnehho mpomnɵbaet hag fopoga- mm m cenamm. Vbmgeb efo, ndgm octahabnmbadt pa6oty m haumhaetce mpasghmk
‘’Mmpa, Tpyga m Fymahmsma’’». Hobatopckme mgem, bɵckasahhɵe b mpoektax A. fepkacoba m H. ueohmgoba, he mofnm 6ɵta peanmsobahɵ b to bpeme.
Bo mhofmx mpoektax b apxmtektyphɵx ha6pockax, Øopmax mpocmatpmbaetce ctatyc fopoga – oh gonweh 6ɵta fopogom homep gba mnm tpm. Otcdga m takme mpmemɵ: «O6ymu bmg mamethmka – komme kpemnebckou 6amhm c py6mhobou sbes- gou m uacamm, komme kpemnebckmx kypahtob. Bhytpm 6amhm opfahmsobah myseu c bɵctabkou mctopmueckmx gokymehtob m ØotofpaØmemm monkobogyeb, yuactbo- babmmx b 6mtbe sa f. Ctanmhfpag. 3geca we xpahmtce meu – mouethɵu gap kopo- ne Benmko6pmtahmm. V meua bcefga mouethɵu kapayn ms gbyx kpachoapmeuyeb». Takou mpoekt ha kohkypc mpmcnan texhmk-neutehaht F. Konechmkob 4 hoe6pe 1944 f.
Bo mhofmx mpoektax b kauectbe mamethmka ompegeneetce nm6o myseu, nm6o mahopama. Xouetce mpmbectm mpoekt 1943 f. Kohctahtmha 8egopobmua Moptho- ba, mpmcnahhɵu ha kohkypc ms Tamkehta: «B Ctanmhfpage ha 6epefy Bonfm heo6- xogmmo moctpomta ¶bopey Ctanmha, fnabhɵu san kotopofo gonweh mpegctabneta mahopamy benmkou 6mtbɵ… Xygowhmky hywho bce bmgeta cbommm fnasamm, uto- 6ɵ cosgahhɵu mm mamethmk 6ɵn oco6ehho wmshehhɵm m epkmm. bygyyme ynm- yɵ, sgahme, mnoyagm m mapkm hobofo Ctanmhfpaga ctpoetce ot ¶bopya Ctanmha mo mpoektam Kommteta mo genam apxmtektypɵ. Kommtet paspa6atɵbaet takwe cmctemy mpoektmpobahme ¶bopya Ctanmha m fotobmt matepmanɵ gne mahopamɵ». Ho mhofme mpoektɵ o6aegmhehɵ ctpemnehmem cmhtesmpobata fnabhɵu ma- methmk Ctanmhfpaga, b kotopɵu bxogmnm 6ɵ myseu mctopmm 6mtbɵ, mohymeht m mahopama (sta mgee bomnotmnaca b kommnekce mysee-mahopamɵ «Ctanmh- fpagckae 6mtba», kotopɵu mɵ mowem mocetmta b cobpemehhom Bonfofpage). Mpmmepom takofo hampabnehme mowet cnywmta mpoekt apxmtektopa A. ¶. Ana- topyeba, kotopɵu mcmonasoban tpagmymohhɵe knaccmueckme Øopmɵ apxmtek- typɵ, a efo kohkpethoe mctopmueckoe cogepwahme packpɵbanoca ckynamtypou, boehhɵmm atpm6ytamm, memopmanahɵmm hagmmcemm. Cam apxmtektop tak omm- cɵban cbou mpoekt: «Mabmnaoh b yenom mpegctabneet ms ce6e mamethmk, b mae- gectane kotopofo pasmeyehɵ skcmohathɵe sanɵ. Hag yehtpanahou uactad ma- bmnaoha momeyeha ckynamtyphae fpymma, kotopae coctomt ms kpachoapmeuya b yehtpe, kpachoØnotya c nebou ctopohɵ m boopywehhofo pa6ouefo – c mpabou. Ha 6okobɵx maegectanax momeyehɵ tahkobo-gecahthɵe fpymmɵ, hag bxogom
– ckynamtyphae fpymma, mso6pawadyae 6epef Bonfm, mpm6ɵtme pesepba, 6oe- mpmmacob, sbakyaymd pahehɵx. Kpɵma hag fanepeeu fepoeb mowet 6ɵta bɵ- monheha mnockou m cnywmta b kauectbe teppacɵ gne o6ospehme bospowgehhofo fopoga. 3a fnabhɵm mohymehtom pacmonoweha kpyfnae potohga gne mahopamɵ
«Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba». Myseu-mamethmk m mahopama coegmhehɵ mewgy co- 6ou fanepeeu fepoeb».
Takou apxmtektyphɵu mpmem – sgahme-mamethmk c myseem, ybehuahhɵm ckynamtyphou kommosmymeu, a takwe mahopamou, bctpeuaetce m b gpyfom mpo- ekte, bɵmonhehhom hempoØeccmohanahɵm apxmtektopom H. F. Mycehko.
Hebosmowho 6es bonhehme umtata moechmtenahyd sammcky k mpoekty H. F. Mycehko, bɵmonhehhomy ha ckneehhɵx knoukax 6ymafm: «Æ xygowhmk-camoyu- ka, fbapgmm cepwaht Mycehko Hmkonau Fpmfopaebmu, 1912 f.p., haxogeca b 6oe- bou o6ctahobke, mpoumtan b fasete «Hsbectme» o6aebnehme o kohkypce ha sckms mohymehta o6opohɵ Ctanmhfpaga. Bpeme moe ofpahmuehho, ho e pemmn takwe mpmheta manehakoe yuactme b stom gene. B nd6yd cbo6oghyd mmhyty e bɵkna- gɵban cbom mɵcnm ha 6ymafe 6es uaeu 6ɵ to hm 6ɵno momoym».
Ommcɵbata stot mpoekt 6es ynɵ6km hebosmowho: oh oueha hambeh m mpemo- nmheeh, bɵmonheh 6es mpoØeccmohanahou mogfotobkm. 3gahme mysee okaumneho fony6ɵmm enemm, ha efo kpɵme momeyeha potohga gne mahopamɵ, a ha kpɵme mahopamɵ – ofpomhɵu semhou map, fge sbesgou momeueh Ctanmhfpag. Ha sem- hom mape ctomt kpachoapmeey, b pykax oh gepwmt shame c 6onammmm 6apenae- Øamm Ctanmha m uehmha. Vnɵ6hemace takomy hafpomowgehmd m mpegctabmma, kak, cmge b okome mnm semnehke, b mepepɵbe mewgy 6oemm, mog cbmct ogmhokmx myna, 6ɵta mowet, weptbye cbomm chom m otgɵxom, congat mɵcnehho ctpomn 6ygyymu fopog m mamethmk b hem. H mogymaema: a bega mepego mhou matepm- anmsobahhɵu gyx smoxm, kotopɵu smoymohanaho bosgeuctbyet mopou cmnahee, uem mhou mctopmueckmu gokymeht. Cefoghe mohmmaema, uto tbopuectbo boeh- hɵx net mpmbhecno b apxmtektypy takme kauectba, kak fny6mha mepewmbahmu, mckpehhocta uybctb, packpemoyehhocta.
Mpoekt mmehmtofo apxmtektopa F. Fonaya towe mepemonheh nmkydymm uyb- ctbom, mpegbocxmyabmmm mo6egy. Mepeg spmtenem pasbephynmca mpohmsahhɵe bosgyxom m cbetom benmuectbehhɵe apxmtektyphɵe mepcmektmbɵ Ctanmhfpaga. Mohymeht saymthmkam fopoga sabepmance ctpemmtenahɵm monetom Ømfypɵ Hmkm. B stom mpoekte, kak m b gpyfmx, mpmcnahhɵx c Øpohta, mpocnewmbaetce yctpemnehhoe bgana wenahme moctpomta fopog, cosgadymu mnndsmd bekobou kynatypɵ. B hmx mcmonasobanmca mhofme manɵe apxmtektyphɵe Øopmɵ – Øoh- tahɵ, 6ecegkm, pockomhɵe necthmuhɵe mapmm, mapkobae ckynamtypa, t.e. bce to, uto fopog o6ɵuho hakamnmbaet bekamm. Kak mpabmno, bce stm manɵe Øopmɵ abtopɵ pasmeyanm ha othocmtenaho he6onamou teppmtopmm – b yehtpanahou uactm Ctanmhfpaga. Takoe ctpemnehme o6aecheetce tem, uto abtopɵ mpoektob bmgenm paspymehhɵe fopoga, mepewmbanm bce ywacɵ boehhofo nmxonetae. B cboeu moechmtenahou sammcke k mpoekty F. K. Mapymhkebmu mmcan: «Æbnedca yuacthmkom Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ c mepbou houm 21–22 mdhe 1941 f. m go cefo ghe, hemocpegctbehho yuactboban b pasfpome 6pohmpobahhou fmtnepob- ymhɵ. C fopeuad m cowanehmem e ha6ndgan, kak fopenm hamm fopoga, a kofga waneema, tofga pesue sameuatnebaetce bce nyumee b tom, uto waneema. Mog ta- kmm bmeuatnehmem e mpmhence sa pa6oty».
Mhofme mamethmkm mo cboeu xygowectbehhou Øopme afpeccmbhɵ. H sto mowho o6aechmta m moheta – cnmmkom 6oneshehha m 6nmska 6ɵna sta kpobabae mctopme, eye he satehynmca pahɵ. Mostomy mɵ uacto bmgmm takme mamethmkm, kak ckynamtypa cobetckofo congata, gabeyefo hofamm hemeykyd kacky m Øa-
mmctckme shameha, mnm Ømfypa cobetckofo congata, y6mbadyefo mtɵk-howom hemeykofo congata, hagmmcm ha ctbonax opygmu, bxogmbmmx b kommnekc mamet- hmkob: «Mo bpafam Oteuectba – ofoha!», mnm hagmmcm ha 6pohe tahkob «Cmepta hemeykmm saxbatumkam!». Cmepta, cmepta… 3ty cmepta bmgen xygowhmk-cosm- gatena, oh tbopmn c pahehɵm cepgyem. Mamethmk, kotopɵu cosgaetce cmycte 75 net, bɵfnegmt cobcem mhaue, mɵ hayumnmca bocmpmhmmata sty mctopmd 6es 6onm, hamm pahɵ satehynmca bpemehem. Ho tofga xygowhmk, apxmtektop, tbopey mepewmban bce hamhofo octpee, uto hamno cboe otpawehme m b mpoektax.
Octpoe wenahme fopogckofo ydta haxogmma m b moechmtenahou sammcke F. F. bopmcoba: «Ckbep mmeet o6yyd gnmhy mo yehtpanahou ocm 45 m, mmpmha 27,5 m, b camom yehtpe pacmonoweh mohymeht c ochobahmem 15x15 m, bɵcota 15 m, c mpabou m nebou ctopohɵ mohymehta haxogetce gba Øohtaha, bɵ6pacɵbadyme bogy ms ckynamtyphɵx Ømfyp 6ouya m cahmtapa, mepebesɵbadyefo efo. Bokpyf Øohtahob ha pacctoehmm 2,5 m ot ctopoh 6acceuha mpoxogmt mocagka ms cmpe- hm, ha pacctoehmm 2 m gpyf ot gpyfa mo o6e ctopohɵ mocawehɵ gepebae 6enou akaymm, mewgy hmmm – 6ecegkm…». Hs stofo ommcahme tpygho mpegctabmta beca mamethmk. 3geca Øahtasme ebho mpeo6nagaet hag geuctbmtenahoctad. Æ tak m he mofna mpegctabmta ce6e b peanahom bomnoyehmm sty cmeca hambhoctm m po- mahtmsma, ho mowho mpegctabmta meutɵ congata o «pauckou fopogckou wmshm» mocne bouhɵ c samaxom akaymm, cbewectad Øohtahob. Mpoboge ahanofmd c ce- foghemhmm ghem, hago otmetmta, uto b cobpemehhɵx apxmtektyphɵx mpoektax ecta 6onammu mpoØeccmohanmsm m bkyc, ho b hmx mopou otcytctbyet hayenehhae ha uenobeka pomahtmka, het fny6mhɵ uybctb, het samaxa 6enou akaymm.
Xouetce bɵgenmta hempoØeccmohanahɵe mpoektɵ, kotopɵe bɵmonhenm wm- tenm hamefo fopoga. Oghmm ms takmx mpoektob 6ɵn mpoekt Hmkonae Hmkonae- bmua Koha – cɵha msbecthofo pa6ouefo saboga «Kpachɵu Okte6pa» – Hmkonae Hbahobmua Koha, pogmbmefoce b ]apmyɵhe b 1900 f. Takme mpoektɵ b Akagemmm apxmtektypɵ paccmatpmbanmca oco6o bhmmatenaho m monyumnm otbetɵ. Mpmbe- gem ctpokm ms mmcama Koha Ana6ehy ot 30 ampene 1944 f.: «3gpabctbyute, go- pofou mou tobapmy Ana6eh, mosgpabned Bac c bechou m mo6egamm! Moe mata coo6ymna mhe ms Ctanmhfpaga, uto Bɵ mpmcnanm mhe otbet ha moe mmcamo, b kotopom e b o6ymx ueptax mpegnafad mpoekt mamethmka fopogy Ctanmhfpagy, bɵmonhehhɵu mhod b ghm 6opa6ɵ b 1942 f., a takwe kacadca omonsheu mpabofo Ctanmhfpagckofo 6epefa. Oueha 6nafogapeh Bam sa bhmmahme m otbet, tobapmy Ana6eh. Hegabho mou otey hammcan mhe, uto Bɵ mpegnafaete mhe yuactbobata b kohkypce ha mpoekt mamethmka fepod Ctanmhfpaga. Otey mogckasan mhe mged
– sto mamethmk gonweh 6ɵta Onafe Kobanebou …mehe cmyyaet to, uto e he shad macmta6ob samɵcnob cosmgahme hobofo Ctanmhfpaga, ho e nd6nd cbou benmkmu fopog m wenad emy camofo 6onamofo m mpekpachofo 6ygyyefo». 3tot mamethmk gonweh 6ɵn bɵfnegeta tak: ctoeyae wehymha, hofamm cpocmaece c kpytɵm bonwckmm 6epefom, gepwmt nebyd pyky y fpygm, kak 6ɵ bɵhmmae cboe fopeyee cepgye, ocbeyae gopofy ndgem, myyymm cbo6ogy m cuactae. B mamet-
hmke gonwha 6ɵna 6ɵta bomnoyeha mgee fopakobckofo ¶ahko. B Bonfofpage b Kpachookte6packom pauohe ecta ynmya, hasbahhae mmehem Onafm Kobanebou, fge 6ɵnm yctahobnehɵ mamethɵe gockm. Takme we mamethɵe gockm ecta ha tep- pmtopmm sabogckofo yexa, fge tpygmnaca O. Kobaneba. Hactoeyae mofmna hems- bectha, ho cmmbonmueckme hagfpo6me ecta ha teppmtopmm Mamaeba kypfaha m y oghou ms mpoxoghɵx saboga «Kpachɵu Okte6pa». Takmm o6pasom, mgee ybeko- beuehme mogbmfa wehymhɵ-ctanebapa peanmsobanaca, ho ywe b gpyfmx Øopmax.
B Øohgax mysee xpahetce takwe mpoektɵ, mpmcnahhɵe ms-sa py6ewa. Ogmh ms hmx moctymmn ms Kaca6nahkm (Mapokko) ot Øpahyysckofo apxmtektopa Kop- mae. Abtop hasban cbou mpoekt «Camae kpymhae mo6ega bcex bpemeh». Hgee mamethmka cbogmtce k cosgahmd apxmtektypho-cmmbonmueckofo mohymehta, ctepwhem kotopofo ebneetce fpomaghae beptmkana meua bɵcotou 200 m, mpohsa- dyefo hemeykyd kacky. Meu, hamommhadymu o gape kopone Benmko6pmtahmm, gonweh yehtpmpobata ahcam6na, coctoeymu ms metm sgahmu myseuhofo m boeh- hofo hashauehme, pacmonowehhɵx mo mpmhymmy metmkoheuhou sbesgɵ. Mpoekt 6ɵn mpmcnah b kauectbe mhtennektyanahofo mogapka fopogy-fepod. Mo mobogy apxmtektypho-xygowectbehhofo pemehme mpoekta mowho cmopmta, takwe mow- ho ocmapmbata m cmmbonmueckyd mged mamethmka, ho uto kacaetce mhwehepho- kohctpyktopckou paspa6otkm mpoekta, to oha bɵsɵbaet ybawehme m gawe b hame bpeme eye octaetce aktyanahou. Kak bmgho ms mpoekta m moechmtenahou samm- ckm, Øpahyysckofo apxmtektopa takwe mepemonhenm bosbɵmehhɵe uybctba, kak m cobetckmx ndgeu: «Hme Ctanmhfpag, – mmcan oh, – gonwho 6ɵta ybekobeueho b mctopmm mamethmkom, goctouhɵm efo benmume».
Oco6ofo bhmmahme sacnywmbaet sckmshɵu mpoekt M. ¶ompaueba, mpmcnah- hɵu ms Hahxae. K cowanehmd, cbegehme o6 abtope oueha ckyghɵe. Mo mpegmo- nowehmd, oh cotpyghmk cobetckofo moconactba. Ha mpoekte mso6paweh 6ona- mou topwectbehhɵu ahcam6na. ¶opofa, bgona kotopou yctahobnehɵ tpoØem, beget k mnoyagm Mo6egɵ m mnoyagm Mabmmx. Ogha ms anneu, begyymx k Bonfe, ykpameha 6dctamm mnm gawe Ømfypamm fepoeb Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ. Ha mo- cnegheu pacmonoweho sgahme mahopamɵ co cteknehhɵm kymonom, pacmmcahhɵm mog he6o m cgenahhɵm ms pmØnehofo ctekna, kotopoe mpomyckano tonako cbet, he mpomyckae teha ot kohctpykymm sgahme. Potohgy behuaet Ømfypa neteyeu Hmkm c cepmom m monotom. 3akahumbaetce ahcam6na mnoyagm mamethmkom Bepxobho- my Fnabhokomahgydyemy. Hgee mpoekta oueha mhtepecha, xote apxmtektyphɵe Øopmɵ ahcam6ne cnowhɵ m mhofocnobhɵ. Oghako mpm ganaheumeu mpopa6otke mpoekta mowho 6ɵno monyumta xopomme pesynatatɵ. B cobpemehhom fopoge mɵ takwe bmgmm peanmsobahhyd mged annem fepoeb, begyyyd k mnoyagm Mabmmx bopyob.
He mpmhmmae bo bhmmahme mpoØeccmohanahɵe goctomhctba hekotopɵx mpo- ektob, gne hac ham6onammu mhtepec mpegctabnedt te mpoektɵ, kotopɵe bɵ- monhehɵ bo Øpohtobɵx ycnobmex. Ha o6aebnehhɵu bo bpeme bouhɵ kohkypc otknmkhynoca 6onamoe umcno ndgeu, kak mpoØeccmohanahɵe apxmtektopɵ, tak
m camɵe mmpokme cnom – 6ouyɵ, pa6oume, konxoshmkm, t.e. kohkypc bɵmen sa pamkm mpoØeccmohanahofo. Bocctahobnehme Ctanmhfpaga ctano genom bceu ctpahɵ, cmmbonom bospowgadyeuce wmshm.
B mogbanax yhmbepmafa b 1943 f. 6ɵna otkpɵta bpemehhae bɵctabka «O6o- poha Ctanmhfpaga» m «Bocctahobnehme Ctanmhfpaga», fge mpoektɵ 6ɵnm bɵ- ctabnehɵ ha bceo6yee o6ospehme. bonamou mhtepec bɵsɵbaet pasgen «Boccta- hobnehme Ctanmhfpaga», o6 stom mowho cygmta mo sammcem b khmfe moceyehme. Mowet 6ɵta, mostomy, k ygmbnehmd mhofmx, b hamem boehho-mctopmueckom mysee xpahmtce yenae konnekyme xygowectbehhɵx m apxmtektyphɵx mpoektob bospowgehme hamefo fopoga.
Coxpahmbmmece mpoektɵ ebnedtce cboeo6pashɵm mamethmkom mctopmm m kynatypɵ hameu Pogmhɵ, goctouhɵm ybawehme m mogpo6hofo msyuehme.
B hame bpeme het takofo mmpokofo mhtepeca bonfofpagyeb k apxmtektypho- my o6pasy m ctpomtenactby poghofo fopoga, takwe mano wenadymx yuactbobata gawe b camɵx mpectmwhɵx kohkypcax.
Mhofme mpoektɵ, bɵmonhehhɵe b to boehhoe nmxonetae, mgeanmsmpobahɵ, hekotopɵe mo cboeu xygowectbehhou Øopme afpeccmbhɵ (epkmm mpmmepom mo- fyt cnywmta mpoektɵ M. A. Mmxeeba, K. F. Fabpmnoba). Mpmumhɵ stmx mpoebne- hmu ham ceuuac mohethɵ. Bce pa6otɵ otpawanm mhgmbmgyanahocta abtopob m 6ɵnm becama pasnmuhɵ, ho b to we bpeme b cobokymhoctm bce stm mpoektɵ mpeg- ctabnedt co6ou matepmanmsobahhɵu gyx smoxm, kotopɵu smoymohanaho bos- geuctbyet mopou cmnahee, uem mctopmueckmu gokymeht. Ohm mosbonedt fny6we moheta kynatypy m meutɵ ndgeu boehhɵx net.
V¶K 94(47).084.8(09) bbK 63.3(2)622,1f
KOMECCEª NO ECTOPEE BEflEKOM OTE1ECTBEHHOM BOMHª
B CTAflEHFPA¶E (1942–1943 ff.):
ONªT EHTEPB@ŒEPOBAHEª V1ACTHEKOB E O1EBE¶]EB
benob ¶numpuu Aneecan6pobuu
Pan6u6am ucmopuueceux naye,
cmapnuu nayunau compy6nue ØTbV «[enmpananau myteu Boopymennax cun PØ» Munucmepcmba o6opona PØ
dbelov@list.ru
yn. Cobemceou Apmuu, 6. 2, 129272, s. Moceba, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. B ctatae paccmatpmbadtce bompocɵ, kacadymece ahanmsa bkna- ga mctopmkob Kommccmm mo mctopmm Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ Akagemmm hayk CCCP b coxpahehme mametm o Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe uepes opfahmsaymd mhtepbadmpobahme yuacthmkob m ouebmgyeb cpawehme b 1942–1944 ff. My6nm- kayme mocbeyeha oghou ms mepbɵx b oteuectbehhou mctopmofpaØmm – yhmkana- hou, metogmueckm mocnegobatenahou – cmctemhou momɵtke c6opa matepmanob ycthou mctopmm.
Knduebɵe cnoba: ycthae mctopme, mhtepbadmpobahme, Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba, Kommccme mo mctopmm Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ.
COMMISSION ON THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR HISTORY IN STALINGRAD (1942–1943).
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