The History of Nursing in Britain
Some 2000 years ago, wounded Roman soldiers were cared for by auxiliary soldiers and slaves. With the spread of Christianity, monks and nuns cared for the sick. Most nursing took place at home and was haphazard. In the 18th and 19th centuries public hospital were established, but even then the nurses were mostly untrained, and ill-paid women. Catholic and Protestant groups began to train nurses. In 1836, a priest Theodor Fliender (1800-1864), and his wife founded a three-year training course for nurse-deaconesses in Germany. English Quaker and prison reformer, Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845), visited them and, back in England, helped found the Institute of Nursing, which improved the standards of “caring for the sick.” But it was Florence Nightingale, the most outstanding figure in the history of nursing who dedicated her life to nursing at a time when it was shunned by other English gentlewomen of her class. She also travelled all over the world, taking her ideas about nursing with her, to found nursing schools and to change the image of nurses worldwide. Miss Nightingale’s brilliant success raised the social standing of nursing as a profession and stimulated movements for the teaching and training the nurses in Great Britain and throughout the world. The opening of her nursing school in London, marked the beginning of the transition of nursing from an art practical by dedicated but untrained workers to a profession whose members are trained in the basic medical sciences and are capable of administering the complex procedures of modern medicine.
Florence Nightingale (12 May, 1820-1910), British pioneer of nursing and hospital reforming, born in Florence while her wealthy parents were visiting Italy. She reacted strongly against the pleasure-loving society that admired her girlish charm and wit. In 1837, she developed a strong sense of vocation. She decided to devote her life to nursing, then a despised and undisciplined occupation carried on by ignorant and often delinquent nurses in filty, fever-ridden hospitals. Many of them were lazy, unkind, unhygienic, drunken, and often stole from their charges. They earned nursing a very bad reputation. Florence’s parents opposed her plans, but she persisted. When she was 24, began her campaign in 1844. She had already refused to marry some very eligible suitors. It took her seven years to convince her parents of her intentions.
In 1851, she went to a small hospital run by a religious organization in Germany for her training. Thanks are due to her prolific letters and the saving of them by her family and friends, there is plenty information about Florence Nightingale’s activities.
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She returned London in 1853, to become superintendent at a hospital for “sick gentlewomen,” and found it a badly run nursing staff. Nightingale set about training them as disciplined, dedicated nurses. In the same year Britain entered the Crimean War; cadualties were horrific. She persuaded her friend, the war minister, to allow her to take a team of nurses to the badly run military hospital in “Losküdar” (Scutari). She took 38 nurses to Scutari’s dark, dirty, rat-infested Barrack Hospital. At the hospital they had to work very hard. Miss Nightingale herself worked harder than other nurses. Every night she walked around the wards with a lamp. The patients were very pleased to see her. The soldiers knew that Florence and her team are working hardly for them, and called her the “The Lady with the Lamp.” Despite of the opposition of military doctors, she had the hospital hygienic, well run and successful before she left it. The mortality rate fell from forty per cent to just 2 per cent.
In 1856, when she returned to England, the British public were so grateful that they raised 50,000 pounds to found the Nightingale School of Nursing and home for training nurses at St. Thomas’s Hospital in London (1880). Her efforts greatly improved and raised the standards and prestige of nursing. For the last years of her life, she was a semi-invalid, often bedridden, yet her home was visited by many outstanding people and she was an indefatigable letter writer. Eventually she died in 13 August 1910 in Park Lane, London, England.
Задание №5
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. English Quaker and prison reformer, Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845) visited them and, back in England, helped found the Institute of Nursing, which improved the standards of “caring for the sick.”
2. But it was Florence Nightingale, the most outstanding figure in the history of nursing who dedicated her life to nursing at a time when it was shunned by other English gentlewomen of her class.
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3. The opening of Florence Nightingale’s nursing school in London, marked the beginning of the transition of nursing from an art practical by dedicated but untrained workers to a profession.
4. She decided to devote her life to nursing, then a despised and undisciplined occupation carried on by ignorant and often delinquent nurses in filty, fever-ridden hospitals.
5. In 1851, Florence Nightingale went to a small hospital run by a religious organization in Germany for her training.
6. She persuaded her friend, the war minister, to allow her to take a team of nurses to the badly run military hospital in “Losküdar”.
7. Every night she walked around the wards with a lamp.
8. The soldiers knew that Florence and her team are working hardly for them, and called her the “The Lady with the Lamp.”
9. Florence Nightingale’s efforts greatly improved and raised the standards and prestige of nursing.
Задание №6
Составьте устное монологическое высказывание об истории сестринского дела в Великобритании, используя следующие даты:
1) 1836
2) 12 May, 1812
3) 1851
4) 1853
5) 1844
6) 1910
7) 1880
Задание №7
Задайте все типы вопросов к предложениям.
1. He speaks English well.
2. The weather was fine yesterday.
3. We saw a new film yesterday.
4. You can read well.
5. There will be five lessons tomorrow.
6. Our family lives in a three-room flat.
7. They went to the same school.
8. He will read this book tomorrow.
9. They are playing football now.
10. Our teacher has told us to write.
Контрольные вопросы:
1. Какие типы вопросов существуют в английском языке?
2. Как образуются общие вопросы?
3. Как образуются специальные вопросы?
4. Как образуются разделительные вопросы?
5. Как образуются альтернативные вопросы?
Практическое занятие №13, 14
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