Learn t he following words and phrases.
| auroch – 1) тур; 2) зубр chamber ['ʧeɪmbə] – зал, камера entrance ['entrən(t)s] – вход gore [gɔː] – бодать hunt [hʌnt] – охотиться limestone – известняк; carboniferous limestone – известняк каменноугольного периода karstic –карстовый magical = magic – магический. Syn: supernatural, miraculous moss – 1) мох; 2) лишайник | mats of moss – пучки мха obscure [əb'skjuə] – неясный unintelligible, incomprehensible outline – контур, абрис. Syn: contour pulsate – вибрировать Syn: beat ritual = rite – обрядовый, ритуальный stain [steɪn] – пятно superimpose (on) – накладывать tube [tju:b] – тюбик untenable [ʌn'tenəbl] – несостоятельный, лишённый доказательности wick [wɪk] – фитиль; фитилёк |
Make sure you know how to pronounce the following.
Lascaux [la'skəʊ]; Altamira [,altə'mɪərə]; France [frɑːn(t)s]; Scandinavia [,skændɪ'neɪvɪə]; Neolithic [,ni:ə(ʊ)'lɪθɪk]; Mesolithic [,mezə'liθik[; Africa ['æfrɪkə]; Sicily ['sɪsɪlɪ]; Palermo [pə'lɜːməu]; Pyrenees [ˌpɪrə'niːz]; magical ['mæʤɪk(ə)l]; wick [wɪk]; chamber ['ʧeɪmbə]; carboniferous [ˌkɑːbə'nɪf(ə)rəs]; untenable [ʌn'tenəbl]; fiber [faɪbə]
Give Russian equivalents for the following phrases.
Large-scale paintings; to represent animals; to decorate the walls and ceilings; limestone caves; to gain magical control, by means of representation; the painted chambers; sanctuaries for magical rituals; near the entrances; remote chambers; to do paintings; in order of frequency; to apply the broad black outlines; colour-stained tubes; to represent from the side; on the rock surface; moss fibers; to pulsate around the sprayed areas
Read and translate Text 2.
TEXT 2
The most impressive creations of Palaeolithic humans are the large-scale paintings, almost exclusively representing animals, which decorate the walls and ceilings of limestone caves in southwestern France and northern Spain. Their purpose is still obscure. By analogy with the experience of surviving tribal cultures, it has been suggested that these paintings are an attempt to gain magical control, by means of representation, of the animals early humans hunted for food. Recent investigation has shown this explanation to be untenable. But the chief animals represented, in order of frequency, were the horse, the bison, the mammoth, the aurochs, and deer. Most of the paintings are found near the entrances, where early humanity lived, worked, cooked, and ate. Often, the painted chambers are accessible only by crawling through long passages or by crossing underground streams. This suggests that the remote chambers were sanctuaries for magical or religious rituals. Evidence indicates that the chambers were used continuously for thousands of years, and the paintings were repainted periodically.
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In the absence of natural light, the paintings could only have been done with the aid of stone lamps filled with animal fat and burning wicks of woven moss fibers. The colours were derived from easily found minerals and include red, yellow, black, brown, and violet, but no green or blue. No brushes have been found, so in all probability the broad black outlines were applied by means of mats of moss or hair. The surfaces appear to have been covered by paint blown from a tube; colour-stained tubes of bone have been found in the caves. The paintings have always been described as "lifelike," and so they are, but they are also in some respects standardized. The animals were invariably represented from the side, and generally as standing in an alert position, the legs tense and apart, the off legs convincingly more distant from the observer, the tail partially extended. No vegetation appears. The animals float as if by magic on the rock surface. Their liveliness is achieved by the energy of the broad, rhythmic outline, set down with full arm movements so that it pulsates around the sprayed areas of soft colour.
The cave of Altamira in Spain was the first to be discovered, but was not at once accepted as authentic. The famous bison on the ceiling of Altamira are as powerful as representations of animals can be. Although artists of periods later in human history analyzed both surface and anatomical structure more extensively, the majesty of the Altamira animals has never been surpassed. The cave of Lascaux in France, dating from about 15,000 BCE and discovered in 1940, is a close competitor to Altamira. The low ceiling of the so-called Hall of Bulls at Lascaux is covered with bulls and horses, often partly superimposed, painted with such vitality that they fairly thunder off the rock surfaces at us. In another chamber is the tragic painting of a bison pierced by a spear, turning to gore a man who is represented schematically as compared to the naturalistic treatment of the animals.
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