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MAMMALS
Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded. Mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can survive in subzero temperatures. Of course, they can also survive in hot climates.
Some early mammals did lay eggs. Australia’s duck-billed platypus and echidnas still lay eggs. They are monotremes, but all other modern mammals bear live young.
All living mammals except monotremes have a placenta - a specialized embryonic organ that nourishes the young before they are born. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround embryo. Placentae are short-lived in marsupials, whose young are born at a much earlier stage of development than other mammals. Thus, all mammals except marsupials and monotremes are called placental mammals. This is confusing because marsupials are placental mammals too.
Mammal teeth are specialized. Sharks can have thousands of teeth. Some bony fishes, such as the barracuda, also have teeth. Crocodiles and snakes have teeth, as did many dinosaurs. However, aside from some of the bigger ones, all these teeth are the same. If you have seen one crocodile tooth, you have seen them all.
Mammals experimented with a variety of teeth—all in one mouth—and you're living proof that they succeeded! You have a regular toolkit in your mouth, with incisors (your front teeth) designed for taking a bite out of an apple, pointed canines that can still function as weapons, and molars well suited to chewing.
Some mammals have four separate stomach compartments. With the proper teeth, stomach, and intestines, various mammals can live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark. Mammals possess the biggest brains. Mammal IQs have so far peaked in marine mammals (notably whales) and primates, a group that includes humans.
Warm-blooded birds and mammals are the only vertebrates that inhabit the land areas of all continents. Some species are aquatic. Mammals and birds have even colonized remote oceanic islands that are not inhabited by reptiles or amphibians.
Mammals are perhaps the most versatile of vertebrates. Bats can fly, and the sperm whale can dive far deeper than most fish. Some mammals live underground. And some mammals are able to hibernate, a strategy that helps them survive long, cold winters.
Many mammals can be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, glanders, rabies, toxoplasmosis, and others.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. Are mammals cold-blooded or warm-blooded animals?
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2. What animals can survive in subzero temperatures and in hot climates?
3. Do mammals lay eggs?
4. What mammals still lay eggs?
5. What mammals have a placenta?
6. What is a placenta?
7. What mammals are called placental mammals?
8. What are mammal teeth?
9. What kind of brains do mammals possess?
10. What do birds and mammals inhabit?
11. What mammals can fly?
12. What animal can dive far deeper than most fishes?
13. Why do some animals hibernate?
14. Can mammals be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases?
15. What diseases can be transmitted from animals to men?
Вправи
I .Підберіть до англійських слів їх українські еквіваленти.
| 1. young | 1. єхидна |
| 2. survive | 2. ссавець, що кладе яйця |
| 3. echidna | 3. клімат |
| 4. mammal | 4. молодняк |
| 5. duck-billed platypus | 5. птах |
| 6. egg | 6. качкодзьоб |
| 7. climate | 7. виживати |
| 8. vertebrate | 8. ссавець |
| 9. monotreme | 9. хребетна тварина |
| 10. bird | 10. яйце |
II . Підберіть до українських слів їх англійські еквіваленти.
| 1. акула | 1. derive |
| 2. ембріон | 2. marsupial |
| 3. плацента | 3. embryonic |
| 4. плацентарний | 4. membrane |
| 5. живити, годувати | 5. stage |
| 6. стадія | 6. placenta |
| 7. оболонка | 7. placental |
| 8. зародковий | 8. nourish |
| 9. сумчаста тварина | 9. shark |
| 10. походити | 10. embryo |
III . Підберіть до англійських словосполучень їх українські еквіваленти.
1. remote islands 1. морські ссавці
2. land areas 2. сухі трави
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3. mammal teeth 3. відділення шлунка
4. thousands of teeth 4. температура нижче нуля
5. embryonic organ 5. віддалені острови
6. marine mammals 6. зуби ссавців
7. placental mammals 7. ділянки землі
8. stomach compartments 8. зародковий орган
9. dry grasses 9. тисячі зубів
10. subzero temperature 10.плацентарні ссавці
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