Роль театру в житті людини та суспільства (The role of theatre in human life and the life of society)
The first theatrical performances took place in ancient Greece in about 600 BC. The Greek drama developed from hymn sung to Dionysius, the god of wine and good life. The first actor known was called Thespis. He was the leading singer and traveled from his birthplace to Athens in a cart that carried all his belongings and could be turned into a stage for performance. Thespis was the first professional performer who was brave enough to play a god. Before him this role had always belonged to priests or kings.
The earliest Greek theatres were open spaces. The great theatre of Dionysius at Athens provided for an audience of about 20,000 people sitting in tiers on the surrounding slopes. Facing this banked auditorium was a scene-building, built originally of wood and then reconstructed in stone in 340 BC.
Nowadays there are hundreds of musical comedy theatres, drama theatres, opera houses, puppet theatres, philharmonics, and conservatories. The modern theatre is a building where plays, operas or ballets are performed. Of course, it has a stage for the actors and an auditorium where the audience sits. The curtain usually separates the stage from the auditorium. The most expensive seats are in the stalls, boxes, and dress-circle. An intricate system of lights illuminates the stage. While the curtain is down, the workers on the stage can change the scenery and prepare the stage for the next part of the performance.
Theatrical drama, as we understand it today, is based on three things. Fist, there must be an actor or actors speaking or singing. Second, there must be some dramatic conflict between actors. Third, there must be an audience following the progress of the drama.
The atmosphere in theatre is solemn. It’s the magical place where man meets his image, where people are taught to understand, enjoy, and appreciate the beauty, to hate the evil and ugliness. It’s the place where feelings are stirred, where our souls and mind are elevated. It’s the enduring home of dramatic experience, which is surely one of the most searching, rewarding, enchanting of our many different kinds of experience.
Today theatre is at some kind of crisis. The houses are alarmingly empty. There are a great many of people who do not care whether theatre lives or dies. This is causing anxiety. The main reason for that is that our cultural level is painfully low. Now we can see the degradation of people’s spiritual and cultural standards as a whole, the erosion of values and ideals.
|
|
|
Culture is the health of a nation, a way of improving its genetic fund. It’s impossible to survive without culture. It’s necessary to instill into people, into their consciousness the love to the theatre. I do believe that the situation will change to the better. Theatre will never die, it is eternal.
Видатні психологи та педагоги світу (Outstanding psychologists and educators of the world)
John Amos Comenius, one of the finest educational theorists, who was also a philosopher and theologian, was born on March 28, 1592 in Moravia, Habsburg (Czech Republic). He was the only son of Martin Comenius and was born into a protestant family, known as Bohemian Brethren. At an age of ten, Comenius lost his parents and two of his siblings in a mishap. After that, Comenius lived with his aunt and attended a Latin School in Prerov. He completed his higher education at the University of Heidelberg, Herborn. After returning to Bohemia in 1614, Comenius taught at the various schools of the Brethren and was ordained a priest two years later. After serving a brief tenure as the priest, Comenius was appointed as the Parish in 1618.
During the course of the war between the Czech Protestant forces and the Catholic armies during the 1620’s, Comenius was forced to live and work in many countries like Sweden, Transylvania, England, Netherlands, Hungary and the Roman Empire. Even though Comenius was forced into hiding after the war outbreak, he decided to establish a school in Hungary. The institution failed to do well, but Comenius was determined to set things right. It was at this time, he decided to write his book “The World in Pictures”.
Popularly known as the “Father of Modern education”, Comenius was also the pioneer of modern educational policies. He was one among the many contemporaries such as Milton, Descartes, Galileo, and Rembrandt, who believed in holistic education and made use of images in textbooks for better understanding. According to Comenius, education was not for selective sections of society, but was a necessary for the whole of mankind. Comenius encouraged teaching children in Latin, which was the most prevalent language spoken and read in Europe at the time. Thus, his educational policies enabled him to maintain the distinctiveness of individual culture as well as encouraging the unity of mankind. He was also credited for founding formal education for women, which was unheard of in the 17th century.
|
|
|
According to Comenius, the perfect blending of words and images were more powerful and enhanced the women’s and the children’s ability to learn. Thus, he was convinced that pictures were inherent to education and had to be included in textbooks. He also stated that the school curriculum must grow from simple to complex with reviews, which would make the learning process easy. He believed that the subjects that were taught in school should have been more practical with demonstrations and direct observations.
Comenius is an author of almost 154 books on various aspects of educational philosophies and theology. Some of his noted works were “The Labyrinth of the World”, “The Theater of All Things”, “Orbis Pictus” (The World Illustrated) and “Didactica Magna” (The Great Didactic). Most of his educational theories were unheard of during his lifetime, including women’s education, drama lessons, educational system division, and the usage of visual aids, maps, charts, and images for children.
Towards the end of his life, Comenius fled to Amsterdam in 1656. He lived in this city until his death on November 4, 1670.
Дата добавления: 2019-02-12; просмотров: 200; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!