Exercise 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to infinitive constructions.
1. Today it’s common to see terminals that include telephones, PCs and larger computers. 2. To know a foreign language is necessary for the computer specialist. 3. It is important to realize that video RAM (VRAM) must meet higher performance specifications than regular RAM. 4. It is necessary to define the tasks of this program. 5. To help our comrades is our duty. 6. To solve this problem is extremely important. 7. It is important to remember that disk drives are mechanical devices. 8. To introduce a microprocessor that is not downwardly compatible with previous models is very risky. 9. To study this program requires much knowledge. 10. New computer systems have such good audio systems that it is possible to listen to music while you work, have the computer tell you when the printer needs paper, play games that include sound, or compose music on the computer. 11. To explain this simple fact is not so very easy. 12. To obtain these data is necessary for carrying out further experiments. 13. To translate the text without a dictionary is difficult. 14. To train highly qualified programmers is extremely important for the development of computer science. 15. To study this programming language requires much knowledge.
Would
| Study this extract from the interview. I What do you intend to do next with your site? J I'm going to update the Movie Journal section and I'd like to build in new links. Why doesn't John say, “and I'm going to build in new links”? Later John says, J ... my favourite site would have to be the internet Movie Database. Why doesn't he say, “my favourite site has to be the Internet Movie Database”? | We use would in conditional sentences. For example: If you spilled coffee on the keyboard, you would damage it. Often the condition is implied, not stated. For example: (If I had time) I'd like to build in new links. (If I had to make a choice) my favourite site would have to be the Internet Movie Database. What is the implied condition in this extract? I would look at other sites too for good ideas. |
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with will or would.
1. If you use an application program, it … help you to perform specific tasks such as wordprocessing, typing, copying.
2. If I were you, I … plan a website carefully with a number of stages including publishing and advertising the website, analyzing its demand.
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3. If you decide to create a website, it … take you several months.
4. If I had time, I … create a website with more stages and of a higher quality.
5. If we studied HTML, I … create my own websites.
6. You … certainly lose your time if you use the Internet Explorer as your browser.
7. I … like to observe for a while before joining a new online group.
8. How … you know if the site is effective?
9. – Do you have any tips for others creating a website?
– I … keep your site updated, I … look at lots of other sites for good ideas.
10. I … like to build in new links.
Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the time links: as, when, after, once, before.
1. … you have clicked on a hyperlink, you have to wait for the webpage to be copied to your computer.
2. The webpage that is set to be displayed … the browser program first started is referred to as the user’s homepage.
3. … clicking a button known as the Home button, the user can return to the homepage.
4. The user can begin to view the video … it is completely downloaded.
5. … sending text messages, abbreviations are used to save typing.
6. … the website creator creates his website it is copied to a Web server computer.
7. … the address is typed into a browser program, the browser is automatically re-directed to the actual web address.
8. … a website has been created and published, it is important that the creator updates the webpages frequently.
Exercise 6. Choose the right variant.
1. I ______ to the news on television at nine o’clock last night.
a) was listening c) have been listening
b) listened d) had been listening
2. She ________ her work already.
a) hasn’t finished c) finished
b) has finished d) is finished
3. This time next year he ________ in the Black sea.
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a) swim c) will swim
b) will be swimming d) swims
4. It _________ for three hours.
a) was snowing c) is snowing
b) snowed d) has been snowing
5. His grandfather _________ from his job a year ago.
a) has retired c) retires
b) was retiring d) retired
6. He _________ for Moscow as soon as his father _________.
a) will leave, arrive c) leave, will arrive
b) will leave, will arrive d) will leave, arrives
7. I _________ when my friend ___________.
a) slept, called c) was sleeping, called
b) was sleeping, was calling d) slept, was calling
8. Katy __________ a party on Saturday.
a) will give c) will be giving
b) is giving d) gives
9. Japan __________ up of a chain of more than one thousand islands.
a) make c) is making
b) is made d) makes
10. All tickets _________ before we got in the theatre.
a) were sold c) are sold
b) have sold d) had been sold
11. About 50 people _________ to the party yesterday.
a) were invited c) was invited
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b) invite d) are invited
12. This question __________ at the meeting now.
a) is discussed c) is being discussed
b) is discussing d) has been discussed
13. A seat belt __________ even if you are sitting in the back seat.
a) must wear c) must be worn
b) wore d) must be wearing
14. I ________ her that I _________ time to play the piano.
a) told, have no c) told, did not have
b) said, did not have d) told to, hadn’t have
15. She said that Mary __________get into the flat because she ________ her key.
a) cannot, lost c) couldn’t, had lost
b) couldn’t, has lost d) can’t, lost
16. Jane told me that Africa ________ than America.
a) was nicer c) is being nicer
b) has been nicer d) is nicer
17. She told us that the weather _________ change soon.
a) would c) can
b) will d) may
18. He asked me which street I _______ in.
a) am living c) will live
b) live d) lived
19. She asked ________ back in five minutes.
a) phoning c) phone
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b) to phone d) to be phoned
20. If I ________ a million pounds, I ________ it to the charity organization.
a) won, would give c) had won, would give
b) won, would have given d) had won, would have given
21. If it had been warmer, we __________ swimming.
a) might go c) could have gone
b) could go d) might have gone
22. If you don’t work, you __________ holidays next week.
a) would not have c) do not have
b) would not have had d) will not have
23. I wish I _________ taller, because I am not very tall.
a) would be c) were
b) would have been d) will be
24. I wish she _________ me last night.
a) called c) has called
b) calls d) had called
25. We ________ see the lake from our bedroom window.
a) are able c) must
b) can d) might
26. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I _________ have been asleep.
a) could c) must
b) may d) might
27. It was a great party last night. You _________ have come.
a) could c) must
b) should d) might
28. You _________ hungry after having such a big meal.
a) mustn’t be c) can’t be
b) don’t have to be d) shouldn’t be
29. “Do you know where the Petrovs are?” “I think they _______ to London.
a) should go c) must be going
b) could have gone d) may be going
30. I ________ to get up early tomorrow, because my train leaves at 7.30.
a) need c) must
b) have to d) might
31. My parents never let me _________ in bed.
a) reading c) to reading
b) to read d) read
32.My father makes me _________ the piano three hours a day.
a) to play c) play
b) playing d) in playing
33.Some parents enjoy ________ their children what to do.
a) telling c) to tell
b) in telling d) tell
34.The child was so nice that people couldn’t help __________ at him.
a) smile c) smiling
b) to smile d) from smiling
35.I don’t want anyone ________ me while I feel depressed.
a) see c) to see
b) seeing d) saw
36.I’d love ________ abroad this summer.
a) going c) go
b) to go d) going to
37.Caroline earns living _________ antiques.
a) for selling c) by selling
b) to sell d) sell
38.When I woke up in the morning, I could hear my mother _________.
a) to cough c) coughed
b) coughing d) cough
WRITING
Visit a website or home page of your choice. Make notes on what is good and bad about it. Report back to the class and make a class file of good and badly designed sites for people to visit.
UNIT 18
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Vocabulary Bank Unit 18
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
1. Bezier Curve
2. bitmapped graphics
3. computer-aided design
4. constructive solid geometry
5. continuity
6. contour line
7. dedicated programs
8. density
9. depth of field
10. desktop publishing (DTP)
11. digital art
12. digital cartooning systems
13. distinction
14. distorted
15. edge
16. fractal (n)
17. frame
18. freehand drawing
19. geographical information system (GIS)
20. hardware acceleration
21. hierarchical editing
22. high-resolution output
23. illustration packages
24. implicit surfaces
25. index of refraction
26. keyframing
27. layout program
28. lens flares
29. lighting
30. luminosity
31. motion blur
32. non uniform rational B-spline (NURBS)
33. non-interactive media
34. NURBS modelling
35. polygonal modelling
36. Predictable
37. real-time imagery
38. reflections
39. rendering
40. resolution
41. scene description language
42. scene layout
43. shaping
44. simulated artefact of a camera
45. spline modelling
46. subdivision surfaces
47. the Koch snowflake
48. the Mandelbrot set
49. theatre lighting technician
50. to be scaled
51. to benefit
52. to contribute
53. to establish
54. transparency
55. vector graphics
56. visual techniques
Text 18 A. TYPES OF GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
Computer graphics are pictures created, changed or processed by computers. There are two categories.
1. Bitmapped graphics represent images as bitmaps; they are stored as pixels and can become a bit distorted when they are manipulated. The density of dots, known as the resolution and expressed in dots per inch, determines how sharp the image is.
2. Vector graphics represent images as mathematical formulae, so they can be changed or scaled without losing quality. They are ideal for high-resolution output.
There are different types of graphics software.
• Image manipulation programs let you edit your favourite images. For example, you can scan a picture into your PC or transfer a photo from your camera and then add different effects, or filters.
• Painting and drawing programs, also called illustration packages, offer facilities for freehand drawing, with a wide choice of pens and brushes, colours and patterns. One example is Windows Paint.
• Business graphics programs, also called presentation software, let you create pie charts, bar charts and line graphs of all kinds for slide shows and reports. You can import data from a database or spreadsheet to generate the graphs. (Spreadsheets, or worksheets, are mathematical tables which show figures in rows and columns. A spreadsheet program helps you manage personal and business finances.)
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is used by engineers and architects to design everything from cars and planes to buildings and furniture. First they make a wireframe, a drawing with edges and contour lines. Then if they want to colour the objects and add texture, they create a surface for the object; this is called ‘filling the surface’. Finally, the design is rendered to make the object look realistic. Rendering is a process that adds realism to graphics by using shading, light sources and reflections.
• Desktop publishing (DTP) is based around a page layout program, which lets you import text from a word processor, clip-art (ready-made pictures) from graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, and arrange them all on a page. It is used to design and publish books, newspapers, posters, advertisements, etc.
• Digital art, or computer art, is done with applets that use mathematical formulae to create beautiful bright shapes called fractals. A fractal is a geometric figure with special properties, e.g. the Koch snowflake or the Mandelbrot set. Fractals can also be used to model real objects like clouds, coastlines or landscapes.
• Computer animation uses graphics program (e.g. digital cartooning systems) to create or edit moving pictures. Each image in a sequence of images is called a ‘frame’.
• Geographic information systems (GIS) allow cartographers to create detailed maps.
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