Lecture 3. Typology of new words in English (2 h.).
Connection of the notion “activity” with differentiation of various types of new words. A wide interpretation of neology including transnomination, borrowings, occasionalisms besides neologisms proper. Statement of cognition of neologisms and internationalisms referring to special terminology. The presence of properties common of all new words: system properties (new words are a stylistic category) and outer ones (nomination of new realia). New words are not only a fact of language but also a culture. Differentiation of neologisms (new words of language) and nonce-words and occasionalisms (new words of speech).
Lecture 4. The category of neologisms (2 h.).
Neologisms are new words acquiring the character of socially adopted nominations and accepted by tradition. Appearance of neologisms is determined by social requirements of the given language community. The criteria of a new word as a neologisms are the following: 1) denoting a new notion or a phenomenon; 2) used by the majority of speakers of the given language; 3) registration in the dictionary; 4) a relative character of the notion “neologism” because neologisms are a historical category.
There are two groups of neologisms: a) neologisms bearing new information; b) neologisms emphasizing a new aspect, a nuance in objects, notions which are already nominated. Neologisms of the second group are stylistic synonyms of the names which were given to the notion before.
Lecture 5. Nonce-words in the English language (2 h.).
Nonce-words are words: 1) that are not present in the language tradition; 2) that are not produced but reproduced at the moment of their inclusion into connected speech; 3) that are a fact of speech but not language; 4) that do not tend to satisfy the requirements of the community in expressing new notions. The possibility of formation and use of new words belongs to the language and provided by its vocabulary and regularities of its system. It is difficult to fix the time of appearance of nonce-words. The meaning of potential words (nonce-words) is different from that of actual (real) words of the language. Semantic transparency of their parts shows that there is nothing additional and individual in them.
Nonce-words correlate with word combinations and sometimes with sentences. There is a certain difference in the use of nonce-words and word combinations in speech. Their interchangeability in speech is a factor promoting rather an easy information of nonce-words in speech and their high productivity. It is possible to add in lexicons to the components of compound nonce-words. Some models are most active in forming nonce-words: affixational models with the prefix -un, suffixes -less, -ness, -er, compounds, derived compounds, derived compounds with the suffix -ed.
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Interactive component – brain storm.
Lecture 6. Occasional words (2 h.).
The common character of nonce-words and occasional words as speech realization of word-building potential. Occasional words (individual formations) are not only means of nomination but also expressive means, a part of the context they appeared in. Conversation of notify, freshness of nomination by occasional words are independent from real time of their creation. A high degree of expressiveness of occasionalisms differs them from nonce-words. Peculiarities of denoting new notions by occasional words are the following: a) use of main features of another notion or simulation lying beyond the limits of the given work of art; b) unusual dismemberment of the old well-known holistic notion; c) unification of several notions into wholly different notion. An occasional word belongs to an individual, facts of quite a new notion are seen through the prism of an individual. Communicative spheres of appearing occasional words are fiction, colloquial speech, children’s speech, mass-media.
Interactive component – brain storm.
Lecture 7. Classification of occasional words according to their origin (2 h.).
Classification of occasional words according their origin is the following: 1) produced with the violation of regularities of systematic productivity of word-building types; 2) produced after the pattern of none-productive types in this or that period of time that is produced with violation of experimental productivity; 3) produced by means of moving apart limits of morpheme functioning; 4) produced after a pattern of a separate word non-derivative but able to be divided into parts. Appearance of speech models. Violation of word-building norm of occasional words of the first and second types. Violation of lexical norm of occasional words of the third type. Word-building according to a definite pattern as the most successful type for expressing emotional content. The degrees of metasemiotic depth of occasional words.
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