New words and phrases to learn:
volatile fuel – улетучивающееся топливо
steel body – цельно-металлический кузов
chassis – ходовая часть
transmission – коробка передач
steering system – рулевое управление
braking system – тормозная система
electrical system – электрика
fuel system – топливная система
exhaust system – выхлопная система
oil lubrication system – смазочная система
cooling system – система охлаждения
suspension – подвеска
tires – шины
unitized-body construction – несущая безрамная конструкция
subframe – нижняя рама
1. Read and translate the text:
Automobile is a four-wheeled, trackless, self-propelled vehicle for land transportation of as many as eight people. Also known as car, auto.
This four-wheeled automotive vehicle was designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. The modern automobile consists of about 14,000 parts and comprises several structural and mechanical systems. These include the steel body, containing the passenger and storage space that sits on the chassis; the internal-combustion gasoline engine that powers the car by means of a transmission; the steering and braking systems that control the car's motion and the electrical system including a battery, alternator, and other devices. Subsystems involve fuel, exhaust, lubrication, cooling, suspension, and tires.
The automobile body is the assembly of sheet-metal, fiberglass, plastic, or composite-material panels together with windows, doors, seats, trim and upholstery, glass, and other parts that form enclosures for the passenger, engine, and luggage compartments. The assembled body structure may attach through rubber mounts to a separate or full frame (body-on-frame construction), or the body and frame may be integrated (unitized-body construction). In the latter method, the frame, body parts, and floor pan are welded together to form a single unit that has energy-absorbing front and rear structures, and anchors for the engine, suspension, steering, and power-train components. A third type of body construction is the space frame which is made of welded steel stampings. Similar to the tube chassis and roll cage combination used in race-car construction, non-load-carrying plastic outer panels fasten to the space frame to form the body.
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The frame is the main structural member to which all other mechanical chassis parts and the body are assembled to make a complete vehicle. In older vehicle designs, the frame is a separate rigid structure; newer passenger-car designs have the frame and body structure combined into an integral unit, or unitized body. Subframes and their assembled components attach to the side rails at the front and rear of the unitized body. The front subframe carries the engine, transmission or transaxle, lower front suspension, and other mechanical parts. The rear subframe, if used, carries the rear suspension and rear axle.
The suspension supports the weight of the vehicle, absorbs road shocks, transmits brake-reaction forces, helps maintain traction between the tires and the road, and holds the wheels in alignment while allowing the driver to steer the vehicle over a wide range of speed and load conditions. The springs may be coil, leaf, torsion bar, or air.
2. Answer the questions:
- How many parts does the automobile consist of?
- What are the main systems of the car?
- What materials is an automobile made of?
- Give the definition of frame.
- What is suspension? What is it used for?
Match the column on the left to the column on the right to make up collocations and give their Russian equivalents.
| 1. volatile | a. space |
| 2. steel | b. system |
| 3. steering | c. components |
| 4. unitized-body | d. body |
| 5. oil | e. fuel |
| 6. internal-combustion | f. front |
| 7. storage | g. construction |
| 8. composite- material | h. engine |
| 9. energy-absorbing | i. system |
| 10. power- train | j. panels |
Make up a detailed plan of the text.
Retell the text according to your plan.
Steering system, braking system, engine
New words and phrases to learn:
Rotary motion – круговое движение
Linear motion – прямолинейное движение
to mount – закреплять
Hydraulic component -
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гидравлическая деталь
spark-ignition - электрозажигание
four-stroke – четырёхтактный (двигатель)
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
inline four-cylinder engine – однорядный четырёхцилиндровый двигатель
V-type engine – двигатель с V-образным расположением
цилиндров
fuel injection – система впрыска топлива топлива
engine operation – работа двигателя в штатном режиме
spark timing – синхронизация искры
power (drive) train – силовая трансмиссия
rear-drive vehicle – заднеприводный автомобиль
front-drive vehicle – переднеприводный автомобиль
constant velocity – постоянная скорость
universal joint – шарнирная муфта
1. Read and translate the text:
The steering system enables the driver to turn the front wheels left or right to control the direction of vehicle travel. The rotary motion of the steering wheel is changed to linear motion in the steering gear, which is located at the lower end of the steering shaft. The linear motion is transferred through the steering linkage to the steering knuckles, to which the front wheels are mounted. Steering systems are classed as either manual steering or power steering, with power assist provided hydraulically or by an electric motor.
A brake is a device that uses a controlled force to reduce the speed of or stop a moving vehicle, or to hold the vehicle stationary. The automobile has a friction brake at each wheel. When the brake is applied, a stationary surface moves into contact with a moving surface. The resistance to relative motion or rubbing action between the two surfaces slows the moving surface, which slows and stops the vehicle.
The engine supplies the power to move the vehicle. The power is available from the engine crankshaft after a fuel, usually gasoline, is burned in the engine cylinders. Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive either the rear wheels or the front wheels through a drive train or power train made up of gears, shafts, and other mechanical and hydraulic components. Most automotive vehicles are powered by a spark-ignition four-stroke-cycle internal combustion engine. The inline four-cylinder engine and V-type six-cylinder engine are the most widely used, with V-8 engines also common. Other automotive engines have three, five, ten, and twelve cylinders. Some passenger cars and trucks have diesel engines. Some automotive spark-ignition and diesel engines are equipped with a supercharger or turbocharger.
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Most automotive engines have electronic fuel injection instead of a carburettor. A computer-controlled electronic engine control system automatically manages various emissions devices and numerous functions of engine operation, including the fuel injection and spark timing. This allows optimizing power and fuel economy while minimizing exhaust emissions.
The power available from the engine crankshaft to do work is transmitted to the drive wheels by the power train, or drive train. In the front-engine rear-drive vehicle, the power train consists of a clutch and manual transmission, or a torque converter and an automatic transmission; driveshafts and Hooke (Cardan) universal joints; and rear drive axle that includes the final drive, differential, and wheel axle shafts. In the typical front-engine front-drive vehicle, the power train consists of a clutch and manual transaxle, or a torque converter and an automatic transaxle. The final drive and differential are designed into the transaxle, and drive the wheels through half-shafts with constant-velocity universal joints.
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